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Timeline of proposed federal structures

September 21, 2015, 11:09 pm
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This is the timeline list of proposed federal structures of Nepal before the constitution was promulgated in 2015.

See also:- Timeline of 2015 Constitution, New federal structure of Nepal
Official Map of Administrative divisions of Nepal by
Government of Nepal, Survey Department (karma99.com)

2018 Feb 1-5: first meeting of all 7 states held in their respective states. 

2017 Nov 26 & Dec 7: provincial election held for the first time in Nepal in all 7 provinces.

2015 Sep 20 Sun (Ashoj 3, 2072 BS): President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav promulgated the Constitution of Nepal in the last meeting of Constituent Assembly. 

2015 Sep 16 Wed (Bhadau 30, 2072 B.S.): Nepal's Constitution 2072 B.S. endorsed by the constituent assembly meeting by 2/3 majority

2015 Aug 21: After several protests in two weeks 3 major political parties (Congress, UML & Maoist) now agree on a new 7 states model. Three parties have combined 451 (75%) seats in Constituent assembly. 4th party from earlier agreement (Forum-democratic) opposed the agreement.

The 6th state from the earlier "6-state model" is divided into two creating new 6th and 7th state. Salyan district from earlier 5th state is given to new state-6. One village (thori) from parsa district in state-2 is given to state-3.
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Many regional organizations and parties protested against earlier proposed 6 states model demanding:-
- Akhanda Sudur-paschim (undivided far-west region)
- Akhanda Madhya-paschim (undivided mid-west region)
- Tharuhat Pradesh (from Nawalparasi to Kanchanpur excluding hill districts)
- Karnali pradesh (including present Karnali zone)
- Akhanda Baglung district (not to divide present baglung district)

2015 Aug 8: Four major political parties (Congress, UML, Maoist and Forum-Democratic) agreed on a new 6 states model. All new 6 states will have boundary with India. 4 states (except 2 Lumbini & Madhesh) will have boundary with China as well.

Aug 8, 2015: 6 states of Nepal initially agreed among major parties

2015 June 9 : 16-points agreement between four major political parties (Congress, UML, Maoist and Forum-Democratic). They also agreed on 8 state model. But boundaries are not finalized. Maoist led 30-party alliance split.

2015 Apr 25 : Earthquake in Nepal

2014 Oct 27: CPN-UML proposes 4 states model. Each states will consists hills and terai regions. The proposed four states are: Eastern, Central, Gandak & Karnali. (Link) Later other leaders of UML criticized this idea. UML officially supports Congress 6 or 7 states model. (Link)

2014 Oct 12: Nepali Congress proposed two model of six- or seven-states (Link)
6 & 7 states by Congress (source: ekantipur.com)


2014 Aug 3-4 : Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Nepal

2013 Nov 19 (2070 Mangsir 4): Election of 2nd Constituent Assembly

2012 Apr 28 : UML presented the new proposal to federate the country into 12 states. (Link)

2012 Jan 19 : State Reconstruction Commission proposes two separate federal structures, one with 11 states (including one non territorial state) and another with 6 states. (link) Among 9 members of commission 6 members (Malla K Sundar, Stella Tamang from Maoist, Prof Dr Krishna Hachhethu, Surendra Mahato from Madheshi morcha, Bhogendra Jha from UML & co-ordinator Madan Pariyar) proposed 11-state model and 3 members (Ramesh Dhungel & Sabitri Gurung from NC and Sarbraj Khadka from UML) proposed 6states model. (link) (link) (link)
10+1 states by SRC
10+1 and 6 states by SRC

2011 Nov 22: Baburam Bhattarai Government decided to from State Reconstruction Commission according to Article 138 of internal constitution of Nepal. It has given 2 months to give report.

2010 Jan 20: State Reconstruction Committee of CA passes federal structure of 14 states supported by UCPNM and UML. 14 proposed states and map are as follows:-

East hills: Limbuwan, Kirat, Sherpa, Sunkoshi,
Central hills: Newa, Tamsaling,
West hills: Narayani, Tamuwan, Magarat, Jadan, Karnali, Khaptad,
Terai: Mithila-Bhojpura-Koch-Madhesh, Lumbini-Awadh-Tharuwan.

Proposed federal structure of Nepal
by CA- Stare Reconstruction Committee 2010

2008 May 28: First Constituent Assembly (CA) meeting declares Nepal to be federal democratic republic by 560-4 votes. (1, 2)

2008 Apr 10 : First Constituent Assembly election. CPN Maoist, Nepali Congress, CPN-UML & MJF became 1st,2nd,3rd & 4th party respectively.

2008 Feb 28 : 8-point agreement (८ बुँदे सहमति)  between Government and "Samyukta Loktantrik Madheshi Morcha" including MJF, TMLP, Sadbhawana Party (Agreed on Nepal to be Federal democratic republic and there will be autonomous Madhesh state).

2007 Aug 30: 22-point agreement between government and MJF

2007 Jan 16 : Madhesh uprising started led by Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF)

2007 Jan 15 : Interim constitution of Nepal 2007 issued.

2006 Apr 24 : '19 days-Democracy movement of Nepal' ended, King re-instated the old parliament.

2002 Feb 28: Dr. Harka Gurung suggests "25-district New Nepal" as a new approach for decentralization.

Karma99.com - Screenshot of Dr Hark Gurung's article on
Himal Khabarpatrika 2002 Feb
Various Provincial Demands & Data (2011 Census)

West Tharuhat: 8 westernmost terai districts (Nawalparasi, Rupendehi, Kapilvastu, Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur) population:48,03,069 - Tharu: 24.1%

East Tharuhat: 6 eastern districts (Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Saptari, Siraha, Udayapur)
Population: 41,35,656 - Tharu: 6.9%

Akhanda Sudur Paschim population: 25,52,517 √  State no 7

Limbuwan: 9 districts east of Arun-Koshi river (Jhapa, Morang, Sunsasri, Ilam, Panchthar, Taplejung, Dhankuta, Terhathum & Sankhuwasabha) population: 35,74,770 - Limbu 10.2%

Newa: (Kathmandu valley) population: 25,17,023 - Newar 26.9%

Samagra Madhesh Ek Swayetta Pradesh (All Madhesh One Province) and United Tharuhat
Total population of terai : 1,33,18,705 (50.27 % of Nepal) - Tharu 12.5%

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Historical administrative division of Nepal

September 22, 2015, 11:12 am
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Administrative division of Nepal is recently changed by promulgating the new constitution of Nepal 2015 in Sep 20, but its yet to be fully implemented. In common practice until today the old system is still in use in some aspects.

(see also: Proposed Federal structures, New federal structure of Nepal)

Before this constitution, Nepal was divided into 5 development regions and 14 zones and 75 districts in nested-hierarchical manner. 75 districts were divided into City and Villages and each city and villages were further sub-divided into 'wards' ranging from minimum 9 (in vdc) to maximum 35 (ktm). For example- Full Address of Mt Everest was: Eastern Development region, Sagarmatha  zone, Solukhumbu district, Khumjung V.D.C., Ward no 4. Immediately before new restructure implemented in 2017 Jan, there were 3,157 Village Development Committees and 217 municipalities.

Nepal had 58 municipalities & 4915 VDCs until July 2011. Old 58 municipalities are as follows:- State 1: Damak, Mechinagar, Bhadrapur, Ilam, Dharan, Itahari, Inaruwa, Biratnagar, Khandbari, Triyuga, Dhankuta, Bhimeshwar, Kamalamai, State 2: Birganj, Gulariya, Malangwa, Siraha, Lahan, Gaur, Kalaiya, Jaleswar, Rajbiraj, Janakpur, State 3: Kathmandu, Kirtipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi, Ratnanagar, Bharatpur, Hetauda, Banepa, Dhulikhel, Panauti, Bidur, State 4,5,6: Gorkha, Pokhara, Lekhnath, Butwal-Rupandehi, Siddharthanagar- Rupandehi, Nepalganj, Tikapur-Kailali, Kapilvastu, Byas-Tanahu, Putalibazar-Syangja, Ramgram-Nawalparasi, Baglung, Tansen-Palpa, Waling-Syangja, Narayan-Dailekh, Ghorahi -Dang, Tulsipur-Dang, Birendranagar-Surkhet, State 7: Dhangadhi, Bhim Dutta, Amaragadhi, Dasharathchand, Dipayal-Silgadhi.

Govt declared new 41 municipalities in 2011 July merging 161 VDCs but not implemented. In May 8 2014 Government added 72 new municipalities (including already announced 41 and merging 283 VDCs together) making total 130. In Dec 2014 Govt again added 61 municipalities making total 191 municipalities and VDCs reduced to 3,276. Govt added 26 more in Sep 2015 and 46 more in March 2017 making total 263 municipalities before constitution of 2015 implemented on local level and after the constitution promulgated.

Under the new system there are 7 states in Nepal removing old 5 development regions and 14 zones. The old 75 districts are kept as it was except two districts (Nawalparasi & Rukum) are split.  In 2017 Aug 21 Government recognized two parts of Nawalparasi & Rukum as separate districts effectively making total 77 districts in Nepal. As of 2017/7 there are total 744 local levels including 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 246 municipalities and 481 villages-councils.

History

During King Rajendra Bikram and PM Bhimsen Thapa in 1816 A.D. Nepal was divided into 10 districts. All eastern areas from Dudhkoshi river was in one Dhankuta district.

During the rule of Rana PM Bir Shamsher (1885-1901) Nepal was further divided into total 32 districts. There were 20 districts in hill and 12 districts in terai. Palpa and Dhankuta were the center (gaunda) of west and east. Terai districts used to be call Tahsil (तहसिल).

Under Dhankuta gauda (धनकुटा गौंडा) there were 6 districts :-
  1. East no 1 (पूर्व १ नम्वर) Kabhre (काभ्रेपलाञ्चोक), Sindhupalchowk (सिन्धुपाल्चोक)
  2. East No 2 (पूर्व २ नम्वर) Dolakha (दोलखा), Ramechhap (रामेछाप)
  3. East No 3 (पूर्व ३ नम्वर) Okhaldhunga (ओखलढुंगा), Solukhumbu (सोलुखुम्बु)
  4. East No 4 (पूर्व ४ नम्वर ) Bhojpur (भोजपुर), Khotang (खोटाङ्)
  5. Ilam (इलाम) now Illam and Panchthar (पाँचथर)
  6. Dhanuta (धनकुटा) now Dhankuta, Sankhuwasabha (संखुवासभा), Terathaum (तेह्रथुम), Taplejung (ताप्लेजुङ्)

Other Eastern Districts/Tahsils:-
  1. Jhapa now Jhapa (झापा)
  2. Biratnagar (विराटनगर) now Morang (मोरङ्) and Sunsari (सुनसरी)
  3. Saptari now Saptari (सप्तरी) and Siraha (सिराहा)
  4. Mahottari now Dhanusha (धनुषा), Mahottari (महोत्तरी) and Sarlahi (सर्लाही)
  5. Udayapur now Udayapur (उदयपुर)
  6. Khajhani (खजहनी) now Sindhuli (सिन्धुली)
Central Districts:-
  1. Kathmandu (काठमाडौं) now Kathmandu (काठमाडौं)   
  2. Bhaktapur (भक्तपुर) now Bhaktapur (भक्तपुर)
  3. Lalitpur (ललितपुर) now Lalitpur (ललितपुर)
  4. Birgunj (वीरगञ्ज) now Bara (बारा), Parsa (पर्सा), Rautahat (रौतहट)
  5. Chisapanigadhi (चिसापानीगढी) now Makwanpur (मकवानपुर), Chitwan (चितवन)
Western Districts:-
  1. West no 1 (पश्चिम १ नम्बर) Dhading (धादिङ्), Nuwakot (नुवाकोट), Rasuwa (रसुवा)
  2. West no 2 (पश्चिम २ नम्बर) Gorkha (गोरखा)
  3. West no 3 (पश्चिम ३ नम्बर) Kaski(कास्की), Lamjung (लमजुङ्), Manang (मनाङ्), Tanahun (तनहुँ)
  4. West no 4 (पश्चिम ४ नम्बर) Syangja(स्याङ्जा), Parbat (पर्वत)
  5. Palimajh Khand (पालिमाझ खण्ड) Kapilvastu (कपिलवस्तु), Nawalparasi (नवलपरासी), Rupendehi (रुपन्देही)
  6. Palpa (पाल्पा) now Palpa (पाल्पा)
  7. Baglung (बाग्लुङ्) now Baglung (बाग्लुङ्), Mustang (मुस्ताङ्), Myagdi (म्याग्दी)
  8. Gulmi (गुल्मी) now Arghakhanchi (अर्घाखाँची), Gulmi (गुल्मी)
Districts in present Mid western region:-
  1. Pyuthan (प्यूठान) now Pyuthan (प्यूठान)
  2. Salyan (सल्यान) now Salyan(सल्यान), Rukum (रुकुम), Rolpa (रोल्पा), Jajarkot (जाजरकोट)
  3. Dailekh (दैलेख) now Dailekh (दैलेख), Surkhet (सुर्खेत)
  4. Jumla (जुम्ला) now Dolpa (डोल्पा), Humla (हुम्ला), Jumla (जुम्ला), Mugu (मुगु), Kalikot (कालीकोट)
  5. Dang (दाङ्) now Dang (दाङ्)
  6. Bankebardia (बाँके बर्दिया) now Banke (बाँके), Bardiya (बर्दिया)
Districts in present Far Western region:-
  1. Doti (डोटी) now Achham(अछाम), Bajhang (बझाङ्), Bajura (बाजुरा), Doti (डोटी)
  2. Baitada (बैतडा) now Baitadi (बैतडी), Darchula (दार्चुला)
  3. Dadeldhura (डडेलधुरा) now Dadeldhura (डडेलधुरा)
  4. Kailali (कैलाली) now Kailali (कैलाली), Kanchanpur (कञ्चनपुर)

Before Apr 13, 1961 there were 35 districts in Nepal.

Old 35 districts of Nepal (effective before Apr 13, 1961) [karma99.com]


On 1961 (BS 2018/1/1) Nepal was divided into 14 Zones and 75 districts by King Mahendra.

In 1972 Nepal was divided into 4 development regions by King Birendra. But in 1980, the westernmost region was further divided in to two regions shaping present day mid-western and far-western regions.

In 1975 (BS 2032/8/26) Tibrikot (तिब्रीकोट) district was renamed as Kalikot (कालीकोट), because of which Kalikot district is also known as Kanchho Jilla (कान्छो जिल्ला, the Youngest district) now.


References:-

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Khas Empire of Western Nepal (11th-14th century)

February 7, 2015, 1:50 pm
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There was a powerful Khas Empire (खस साम्राज्य) (aka Western Malla Kingdom) in present day western Nepal between 11th to 14th century. The center of the kingdom was Sinja Valley (Location: N29 19 28 E81 58 57). Sinja Valley is included in the tentative list of UNSESCO Wold heritage site. 

This was the place where the Nepali language and culture originated. The earliest examples of Devanagari script from the 13th Century were found here. These archaeological sites are located in Jumla, Surkhet and Dailekh districts.
the 13th Century Stone monument written in Devanagari
script by Khas King Prithvi Malla, located in Dullu, Nepal.
Image credit: http://digitaldisk.blogspot.com/

The 'Khas Empire' is a different state than 'Khasa Kingdom' as maintained in Mahabharat. The time frame of 'the Empire' is 12th-14th century AD whereas 'the kingdom' was involved in Kurukshetra war whose estimated dating is 6000 BCE to 500 BCE according to different claims. But the root of both states are same. The kingdom was disbanded earlier due to some reasons and united back again in 12th century. In its greatest extent the boundary of empire were whole of western Nepal, present day Uttarakhand state of India and south western Tibet.

"In central Asia khas are still called 'kas'. They had had habitation in the river Dangala between Iran and Iraq. The place was known as Khusistan. They moved east before Christ. They had Khas empire by 12th century in western Nepal. Khas people were non vadic aryan as maintained in the Mahabharat. They used to worship cow, land, Masto (kuldeveta) and bhawani (goddess). Masto and Bhawani were the creation of Khas people."
**source: KR & TC Das Sharma, Globalization And Plantation Workers In North-East India)

The Khas people were fierce warrior. According to Gopal bamsabali ancient Khasa Kingdom defeated Kathmandu (aka Nepal at that time) 13 times. Initially the Khas Kings were Buddhist. Most of stone scriptures of Khas kings starts with Buddhist chant "Om Mani Padme Hum". Later they adopted Hinduism.

List of known Kings:-

Naagraj (नागराज) (1093 AD)
Chaap (चाप)
Chapilla (चापिल्ल)
Krashichalla (क्राशिचल्ल) 
Kradhichalla (क्राधिचल्ल)
Krachalla (क्राचल्ल)  (1189-1223)
Ashok Chlla / Malla (अशोक चल्ल) (1223-87) (titled himself "khasha-rajadhiraja") (1)

1255 June 7: 7.8 Magnitude Earthquake in Nepal. 1/3 people of Kathmandu valley died including King Abhaya Malla of Kathmadnu.

Jitari Malla (जितारी मल्ल) [attacked Kathmandu in 1288 and 1289 AD]

Ripu Malla (रिपु मल्ल) (1312-13) Nephew of Jitari Malla: had visited Lumbini. His inscription near Ashoka piller reads "Om mani padme hum, shree Ripumallaschiran jayatu, 1234" mean : om mani padme hum... Ripu Malla, be victorious for long time, sake1234/ AD 1312.

Aditya Malla (आदित्य मल्ल) (end of Rule Nagraj Clan)

Punya Malla (पुन्य मल्ल) son in law of Aditya Malla

Prithvi Malla (पृथ्वी मल्ल) had no son. His stone pillar "Kirtikhamb" made in 1357 AD has family tree of ‘Khas dyansty’ are mentioned on it.

Surya Malla (सूर्य मल्ल) Son of Ripu Malla, Nagraj clan back to rule.

Abhaya Malla (अभयमल्ल) (1355–1391) [abducted by his courtier Malaya Burma]

Malaya Burma (मलय वर्मा) (1391– ) Khas empire broke down after Malaya Burma. His sons claimed their personal kingdoms. Salyan (Sumeru Barma), Jajarkot-Juktipur (Medini Barma), Rukum (Pitambar), Dullu (Sansari Barma) were established. 

Aftermath

Doti (डोटी) was already split from Khas empire in 1382 AD . Its boundaries were Karnali river in the east, Kumaun in the west and consisted Terai regions as well. The last king of Doti DeepShahi was defeated by united Nepal army led by Captain Ranbir Khatri in 1790 AD.

Mustang (मुस्ताङ) (BS 1440-BS1886) was already established  in 1380 A.D by the King  Ame Pal. During King Rana Bahaudr Shah Mustang was annexed in to Nepal in 1829. But kings of Mustang along with Kings of Bajhang, Jajarkot and Salyan were enjoying special status until Nepal was declared republic Oct 7th, 2008. The 21st and Last king of Mustang Jigme Palbar Bista (जिग्मे प्रवल विष्ट) died in Dec 15, 2016.

Salyan (सल्यान) was established in 1418 AD by Sumeru Barma. Its southern border was Dang(Tulsipur) state.

Rukum (रुकुम) was established by Pitamburma in 1398 AD.

Dullu (दुल्लु): King Sansari Barma (संसारी वर्मा) established Dullu in 1396 AD. At its establishment this Kingdom used to consist Dullu, Dailekh, Achham and Bilaspur States. Remains of Bilaspur Durbar made by Sanarti Burma in 1404 AD is still in existence. But after Samsari Barma the kingdom was split and a new kingdom Belaspur (बेलासपुर) was established in one portion in 1418 AD. Boundaries of Dullu were Jajarkot in the east, Doti in the west, Jumla in the north and Dhulikot in the south. In 1789 AD (BS 1846/7/21) Kingdom of Dullu was unified in Nepal. Kingdom of Dullu, which was the original successor of Khas empire, became sub national kingdom of Nepal after the unification. Later King Mahendra annexed it into Nepal in 1960.

Jajarkot-Juktipur (जाजरकोट-जक्तिपुर) was established by Medini Barma splitting from Khas empire in 1398 AD. It was integrated into Nepal in the campaign of 1785-90 AD. It had Dullu in its west side.

Jumla Kingdom
Baliraja 1404-1445: Established Jumla from Khas Kingdom
Vaksaraja 1445- (son)
Vijayaraja (son)
Visesaraja fl. 1498 (son)
Vibhogaraja (?)
Matiraja (?)
Sahiraja (?)
Bhanasahi c. 1529-90 (son)
Saimalsahi c. 1590-1599 (son)
Vasantaraja 1599-1602 (son)
Visekaraja 1599-1602 (brother)
Vikramasahi 1602-c. 1635 (brother)
Bahadurasahi c. 1635-65 (son)
Virabhadrasahi 1665-75
Prithvipatisahi 1676-1719 (son)
Surathasahi 1719-40 (son)
Sudarasanasahi 1740-c. 1758 (son)
Suryabhanasahi c. 1758-89 (son)
Gorkha has made unsuccessful attack on Jumla once. Bahadur Shah attacked again and annexed Jumla into Gorkha/Nepal in 1789.

Main Article: Baaise, Chaubise

After late 14th century the Khas Malla kingdom collapsed and divided into about 22 principalities (Baise Rajya) in Karnali-Bheri. Also among Chaubise rajyas (24 principalities) in Gandak regions 12 were Khas and 12 were Magar Rajyas. 

The 22 principalities were Jumla, Doti, Jajarkot, Bajura, Gajur, Biskot, Malneta, Thalahara, Dailekh, Dullu, Duryal, Tulsipur-Dang, Sallyana, Chilli, Phalawagh, Jehari, Darnar, Atbis Gotam, Majal, Gurnakot, and Rukum.

And the 24 principalities were Gorkha, Lamjung, Tanahun, Kaski, Nuwakot, Dhor, Satahun, Garahun, Rishing, Ghiring, Paiyun, Parbat, Galkot, Palpa, Gulmi, Argha, Khanchi, Musikot, Isma, Dhurkot, Bajhang, Bhirkot, Piuthan, and Butwal.

Kingdom of Gorkha, one among 24 principalities, later defeated all other neighboring kingdoms under the leadership of the Great King Prithivi Narayan Shah and created the base of unified Kingdom of Nepal. He moved the capital city from Gorkha to Kathmandu. His descendants later extended the boundary of Nepal all the way to Punjab to the west and Teesta river  near Bhutan to the east.

Links:-

Dailekh: A District Double in its Heritages

Books:-
Paścima Nepālako Khaśa adhirājya - By Surya Mani Adhikary -Nepāla ra Eśiyālī Anusandhāna Kendra

The Khaśa kingdom: a trans-Himalayan empire of the middle age - by Surya Mani Adhikari -Nirala Publications, Jan 1, 1997

Brihat Jumla Rajyako Aitihasik Vivechana - Rajeshwor Devkota - (1st ed.) 2064, Kumar Khadga Pvt. Studies, Kamaladi, Kathmandu

Khas people of present Nepal

It is said that the name 'khasa' is derived from the Persian words 'Koh' meaning mountain and 'Shah' meaning lords, thus combining to form 'Koh-shah' giving its ultimate meaning as 'Lord of the mountains'.

Origin of the names Kashgar, Kashi (Central Asia), Kashkara, Kashmir, Khashali, Kashatwar, Khashdhar (Shimla) etc are ultimately traced back to the same name 'Khasa'.

The Khasas along with other tribes like Kiratas, Sakas, Tusharas, Pulindas, Chinas etc are mentioned in ancient Hindu epic 'Mahabharata'.  They fought from Kaurava side. They were described as  as fierce prowess, the Mlecchas and  the Mountaineers tribes.

उग्राश्च क्रूरकर्माणस्तुखारा यवनाः खशाः |
दार्वाभिसारा दरदाः शका रमठतङ्गणाः || (8,51,18)
अन्ध्रकाश्च पुलिन्दाश्च किराताश्चोग्रविक्रमाः |
म्लेच्छाश्च पार्वतीयाश्च सागरानूपवासिनः || (8,51,19)
यवनाः किराता गान्धाराश्चीनाः शबरबर्बराः |
शकास्तुषाराः कह्वाश्च पह्लवाश्चान्ध्रमद्रकाः || (12,65,13)
ओड्राः पुलिन्दा रमठाः काचा म्लेच्छाश्च सर्वशः |
ब्रह्मक्षत्रप्रसूताश्च वैश्याः शूद्राश्च मानवाः || (12,65,14)


The language of Khas people used to be known as 'Khas-kura'. Since Kingdom of Gorkha unified the whole Khas region and rest of Nepal, the language then known as 'Gorkhali'. Which was later termed as 'Nepali language' as being the lingua franca of Nepal.

Today about 38% of population of Nepal are of Khas origin. A small minority lives in the Indian states of Uttranchal and north eastern India, Bhutan and Burma.

Khas races and surnames:-

Chhettri 16.6%: Chhetri (Kshatriya), K.C., Karki, Bhandari, Khadka, Bisht, Thapa, Khatri (KC), Kunwar / Rana, Basnet / Basnyat, Gharti-Chhetri (G.C.), Khatri-Chhetri (K.C.), Silwal, Bogati, Budhathoki, Baruwal, Katwal, Rawal, Rayamajhi, Pandey, Dangi (DC)

Bahun  12.2%: Acharya (आचार्य), Adhikari (अधिकारी), Baral (बराल), Banskota (बाँस्कोटा), Banstola  (बाँस्तोला), Bhandari (भण्डारी), Bhattarai (भट्टराई), Chaulagai (चम्लागाईं), Chapagain (चापागाईं), Dahal (दाहाल), Devkota (देवकोटा), Dhungel (ढुंगेल), Ghimire (घिमिरे), Guragain (गुरागाईं), Humagain (हुमागाईं), Khanal (खनाल), Koirala (कोइराला), Lamsal/Lamshal (लम्साल), Nepal (नेपाल), Pokharel (पोखरेल), Poudel (पौडेल), Rijal (रिजाल), Sigdel (सिग्देल), Sanjel (संजेल)

> Kumai: Awasthi (अवस्थी), Bhatta (भट्ट), Bhetwal (भेटुवाल), Bista (बिष्ट), Chiluwal (चिलुवाल), Gyawali (ज्ञवाली), Joshi  (जोशी), Kadel/Kandel (कंडेल/कडेल), Kharel (खरेल), Lohani (लोहोनी), Mainali (मैनाली), Oli (ओली), Pandey (पाँडे/पाण्डे), Paneru (पनेरु), Panta (पन्त), Pathak (पाठक), Prasai (प्रसाईं), Regmi (रेग्मी), Sangraula (संग्रौला), Sedhai (सेढाई), Shiwakoti/siwakoti (शिवाकोटी), Simkhada (सिम्खडा), Sitaula (सिटौला), Thapaliya (थपलिया), Upreti (उप्रेती)

Khas/Dalits 8%: Bishwokarma (Kami, Lohar, Sunar, Od, Chunanra, Parki, Tamata), Pariyar (Damai, Darjee, Suchikar, Nagarchee, Dholee, Hudke), Mijar (Sarki, Charmakar, Bhool), Gaine, Baadi


Thakuri 1.6%: Thakuri (ठकुरी), Bam (बम), Banshi (बंसी), Barma (बर्मा), Chand (चन्द), Chauhan (चौहान), Dev (देव), Hamal (हमाल), Khand (खाँड), Malla (मल्ल), Paal (पाल), Rathore (राठोर), Raya (राय), Samal (समाल), Sen (सेन), Shah (शाह), Shahi (शाही), Singh (सिंह).

Dashnami Sanyasi 0.86%: Giri (गिरी), Puri (पुरी), Bharathi (भारती), Ban (बन), Tirtha (तिर्थ), Parvat (पर्वत), Sagar (सागर), Saraswati (सरस्वती), Aashram (आश्रम), Aranya (आरन्य)

See Also:-
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Baaise and Chubise Rajyas (14th-18th century)

February 10, 2015, 10:53 pm
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Before the unification Nepal was divided into several small kingdoms. This article is about what we study as Baaise Rajya and Chubise Rajyathat existed immediately before present Nepal was shaped.

After the dissolution of Khas Empire in 14th century the era of small states (baaise, chaubisi) began. From 14th century until the unification of Nepal (1744-1806) many new kingdoms were established and many were merged among them. Maximum we can find total 31 states in baaise region and 29 states in Chaubise region.

According to a legend, in Jumla kingdom, there were 11 mountains and 11 rives so it was also called 'baais paakha' (बाइस पाखा, 22 bases). Also the all kingdoms under the influences of Jumla at that time were collectively known as Baaise Rajyas (22s Principalities). Chaubise kingdoms were some 24 states around Gandaki basin. 

13th century : Kalikot (कालीकोट) [now in Kalikot district]

1352 AD : Doti (डोटी) was one of the powerful kingdom in far western region before the unification. It was split from Khas empire in 1382 AD . Its boundaries were Karnali river in the east, Kumaun in the west and consisted Terai regions as well. The last king of Doti DeepShahi was defeated by united Nepal army led by Captain Ranbir Khatri in 1790 AD.

1380 AD : Mustang (मुस्ताङ) (BS 1440-BS1886) (L) was established by the King Ame Pal in 1380 A.D. In 1829 AD During King Rana Bahaudr Shah Mustang was integrated in to Nepal as a dependent kingdom by treaty between two kingdoms. So Even after being unified in Nepal, kings of Mustang along with Kings of Bajhang, Jajarkot and Salyan were enjoying special status until Nepal was declared republic Oct 7th, 2008. The 21st and Last king of Mustang Jigme Palbar Bista (जिग्मे प्रवल विष्ट) died in Dec 15, 2016.

1389 AD : Sanni (सान्नी)

Dissolution of Khas Empire: After the death of King Malaya Barma (मलय वर्मा) his sons claimed their personal kingdoms. Salyan (Sumeru Barma), Jajarkot-Juktipur (Medini Barma), Rukum (Pitambar), Dullu (Sansari Barma) were established.

1396 AD : Dullu (दुल्लु) (wiki) was the successor state of original Khas Empire. But the new kingdom of Dullu was much smaller than Khas empire. Its boundaries were Jajarkot in the east, Doti in the west, Jumla in the north and Dhulikot in the south. It was established by the King Sansari Barma (संसारी वर्मा) in 1396 AD. At its establishment this Kingdom used to consist Dullu, Dailekh, Achham and Bilaspur States. But after Samsari Barma the kingdom was split and a new kingdom Belaspur (बेलासपुर) was established in one portion in 1418 AD. In 1789 AD (BS 1846/7/21) Kingdom of Dullu was unified in Nepal.

1396 AD : Gotaam (गोताम)

1398 AD : Jumla (जुम्ला) was one of the powerful baaise kingdom. It was in the north of Dullu Kingdom.

1398 AD : Jajarkot-Juktipur (जाजरकोट-जक्तिपुर) was established by Medini Barma splitting from Khas empire in 1398 AD. It was integrated into Nepal in the campaign of 1785-90 AD.

1398 AD : Rukum (रुकुम)

1408 AD : Dhurkot (धुर्कोट) u-1785-90

1418 AD :  Bilaspur (विलासपुर) was established by Sri Bamm (श्री वम्म), son of Sansari Bamm, from Dullu Kingdom in 1418 AD.  Its boundaries were Jajarkot in the east, Chhamgad river in the west, Jumla kingdom in the north and Veri river in the south.

1418 AD : Jahari (जहारी),
1418 AD : Pallo Musikot (पल्लो मुसीकोट) u-1785-90,
1418 AD : Banfi (बाँफी),
1418 AD :Salyan (सल्यान). Its southern border was Dang(Tulsipur) state.

1428 AD : Achham(अछाम) u-1785-90,
1428 AD : Darna (दर्ना)

1433 AD : Argha (अर्घा)

1435 AD : Khanchi  (खाँची) u-1785-90

1436 AD : Parbat  (पर्वत) u-1784 AD,
1436 AD : Gulmi (गुल्मी) u-1785-90

1443 AD : Bhirkot (भिरकोट) u-1784

1445 AD : Paiyun (पैयुँ) u-1784

1446 AD : Bajhang (बझाङ). Even after being unified in Nepal, kings of Bajhang, Mustang, Jajarkot and Salyan were enjoying special status until Nepal was declared republic Oct 7th, 2008. Raja Jay Prithvi Bahadur Singh (1877-1940) is the iconic figure of Bajhang kingdom. Raja Binod Bahadur Singh is said to be the 61st and last Raja of Bajhang since 1989.

1446 AD : Thalara (थलारा)

1450 AD: Darma (दार्मा)
1450 AD: Thuni Bosakot (थुनी बोसाकोट)

1453 AD: Dhor (ढोर) u-1784
1453 AD: Satahun (सतहुँ) u-1784
1453 AD: Garhaun (गह्रौं) u-1784
1453 AD: Nuwakot (नुवाकोट) u-1744

1467 AD : Kaski (कास्की)

1493 AD : Dang / Tulsipur (दाङ). This state is in the history of both country Nepal and India. Its area was about 150 by 150 miles bordering Salyan and Pyuthan State in North and Balrampur estate of Awadh region in South. Some sources say that in 1760 AD King Prithvi Narayan Shah defeated 40th Chauhan King of Dang King Nawal Singh and given this region to Salyan as a dowry in the marriage of King Prithvi's daughter to Ranabhim Shah in 1763 AD.(L) King Nawal Singh then moved to south and ruled southern parts of the kingdom. Nepal lost its western terai after anglo-Nepal war followed by Sugauli Treaty in 1816.  Sipoy mutiny happened in India in 1857. As a result, 44th Chauhan Rajah Dirg Narayan Singh lost his remaining lower-half kingdom which was then ruled by British as the part of North-western Province which is now known as UP. After the mutiny, Nepal got  its terai land (northern half of Dang kingdom) back. Rana PM Bir Shamshare brought the disposed 46th Chauhan Sardar Hardayal Singh (grandson of Dirg Narayan) to Nepal in 1886 and they lived in Nepal since then. The 50th Chauhan Rajpal Jwala Pratap Singh (1964) (Great great grandson of Hardayal Singh) married to Sabina Thapa, daughter of Ex PM Surya Bahadur Thapa.

1493 AD : Gajul (गजुल) :  Gajulkot and Khungri were the small kingdoms in present day Rolpa district. According to one legend King of Juktipur TuthaSen became the king of Gajul. After about 6 generation DhairyaPal became the King of Gajul. KarnaPal, brother of Dhairyapal, became the king of Khungri.

1493 AD : Lamjung (लमजुङ्) Ancesters of The Great Pritivi Narayan Shah used to rule in Lamjung. Kulmandan Shah was the king of Kaski. His youngest son Yaso Bramha Shah became the king of Lamjung. Yaso Bramha Shah had two sons, Narahari and Drabya sha. Narahari Shah became the king of Lamjung and the youngest son Drabya shah became the king of Gorkha, which was later ruled by the great king Prithvi Narayan Shah. Kingdom of Lamjung was integrated into Nepal in 1782 AD.

1493 AD : Palpa (पाल्पा): See Sen Kingdoms of Nepal It was one of the powerful kingdom. But in 1553 kingdom was broken into four small kingdoms Palpa, Butwal, Tanahun and Makwanpur. After sometime Palpa gained control of Butwal. Daughter of Palpali king Mahadat sen and Chief-executive of Nepal Bahadur shah got married in 1784. Then palpa supported newly unified Nepal in western front. But Nepal annexed palpa in 1806.

1493 AD : Isma (इस्मा): 6th and Last thakuri king of Isma Govinda Singh Rathore (गोविन्द सिंह राठौर) was defeated by the Gorkhali Army in B.S.1843/6/4. The boundary of Isma was Aglung Hills to Jhimruk in west, present Gwalichaur, Baglung district to the north, and Kingdoms of Durkot and Musikot in south and east respectively.
Wallo Musikot (वल्लो मुसीकोट) u-1785-90

1498 AD : Bajura (बाजुरा)

1503 AD : Pyuthan (प्युठान) u-1785-90

1543 AD : Ghiring (घिरिङ)

1553 AD: Tanahun (तनहुँ) : After the partition of united Palpa kingdom in 1553, Bhrigu Sen got Tanahun. It remained as a powerful kingdom until integrated into Nepal in 1779 AD.
1553 AD : Rising (रिसिङ) u-1784
1553 AD : Darchha Rampur (दर्छा रामपुर) was in present Palpa district.
1553 AD : Butwal (बुटवल) : After the partition of united Palpa kingdom in 1553, Binayek Sen got Butwal. But for most of time after that Butwal and Syuraj (Kapilvastu) came under Palpa Kingdom again. Butwal along with Palpa was integrated into Nepal in 1806 AD. Butwal was the immediate cause of Anglo-Nepal war in 1814 AD. 

1559 AD : Gorkha (गोरखा) : Mansingh Khadka Magar was the last ghale king of gorkha until 27 Sept 1559 AD who was replaced by king Drabya Shah, ancestor of The Great King Prithvi Narayan Shah. The boundary of Gorkha kingdom at that time was Marshandi River to the west and Trishuli river to the east.

1568 AD: Dhulikot (धुलीकोट)

1574 AD : Galkot (गलकोट)  (see also link) [now in Baglung District]

1673 AD : Chhilli (छिल्ली)

1693 AD: Khungri (खुङ्ग्री) : Gajulkot and Khungri were the small kingdoms in present day Rolpa district. According to one legend King of Juktipur TuthaSen became the king of Gajul. After about 6 generation DhairyaPal became the King of Gajul. KarnaPal, brother of DhairyaPal, became the king of Khungri.

1733 AD : Malneta (माल्नेटा)

Udayapur, Pyuthan : King Mahendra in 2017 B.S. abolished the title of Last king of Udayapur Hari Prasad Karki Upadhyaya.



बाइसे राज्य: जुम्ला, डोटी, जाजरकोट, बाजुरा, गजुर, बिसकोट, माल्नेटा, थलहरा, दैलेख, दुल्लु, डुर्याल, तुल्सीपुर दाङ, सल्यान, चिल्ली, फलाबाघ, जहारी, दर्नार, आठबीस, गोताम, मजाल, गुर्णकोट, रुकुम
चौबिसी राज्य: गोरखा, लम्जुङ, तनहुँ, कास्की, नुवाकोट, ढोर, सतहुँ, गराहुँ, रिसिङ, घिरिङ, पैयुँ, पर्वत, गल्कोट, पाल्पा, गुल्मी, अर्घा, खाँची, मुसीकोट, इस्मा, धुर्कोट, बझाङ, भीरकोट, पिउठान, बुटवल

Other Kingdoms
According to Father Giuseppe in Account of the Kingdom of Nepal

Kathmandu 
ktm city:18,000 houses
12-13 days journey from south to north. 
north border: Tibet
50,000 solders
Nuwakot under Kathmandu was main route to trade with tibet

Lalitpur/ Patan
lalitpur city:24,000 houses
south border from city: 4 days journey
south border: Kingdom of Makwanpur
Kirtipur under lalitpur: city houses 8,000

Bhadgaun
Bhadgaun city: 12,000 houses
east border: 5-6 days journey 
east border: Kirat

Sen Kingdoms : Makwanpur, Chaudandi, Vijayapur/ Morang, Palpa, Tanahun



*Raja Rajauta Unmulan Ain 2017 B.S. (Kingship Abolition Act 1960 AD) by King Mahendra
=4 Kingdoms were left with honorary title (Bajhang, Mustang, Salyan, Jajarkot)
=9 kings were left with honorary title until they alive.
*Republic of Nepal (2008 Oct 7)
=title and power of King of Nepal and all other local kings were abolished.

Online Reference:-
  1. http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/2071/9/24/full-story/337562.html
Book References:-
  1. "Account of the Kingdom of Nepal" by Francis Buchanan Hamilton
  2. "Kirtikhamb" (कीर्तिखम्ब) by Bishwa K.C. Pokhrel
  3. ancient history of nepal (.co.uk)

Tags: Baaisi Chaubisi, Titrikot Rapti,
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Kingdom of Simraungadh (11th-14th century)

March 13, 2015, 2:17 am
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In 1097 AD King Nanya Dev of "Karnat dynasty" established his kingdom in Mithila region (Tirahut). The center of the kingdom was Simraungadh (सिम्रौनगढ) which is now located in Bara district, Nepal. This kingdom was extended into present day Bihar, India as well.

This kingdom is different than Videha Kingdom mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata. But the location is same. Janak (Videha) was king of Videha kingdom. His daughter Sita had married Lord Ram. The capital city of the ancient Videha Kingdom is believed to be present day Janakpur, Nepal. Simraungrah town is about 50 miles from Janakpur.

Kingdom of Simraungadh lasted until 1324 AD when the last king Harisingh Dev was defeated by Delhi Sultan Gayasudin Tuglak (ग़ियास सुद्दीन तुग़लुक़) (Wiki). King Harisingh Dev then escaped to Hariharpur Gadhi in Sindhuli where he died. His wife then went to  Kathmandu with Taleju Bhawani. Temples of Taleju Bhawani in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts are believed to be linked with Mithila Kingdom.

Khilji dyansty was in the power of Delhi Sultanate during 1290-1320.  Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316) is shown in the bollywood movie Padmavat. Later Gayasudin Tuglak established Tuglak dynasty (1321-1413) in Delhi Sultanate removing the Khiljis. Same Gayasudin had attacked Simraungarh in 1324.

After the Tuglags, the Sen dynasties of Palpa and Makwanpur region ruled the northern side of Simarungarh kingdom until 1773 and then Shah dynasty unified this area into Nepal. Southern side was ruled by Oinwar dynasty (Tuglag), Raj Darbhanga (Mughal empire / British Raj)  and ultimately incorporated into present day India in 1947.

During centuries of their residence in Kathmandu they mixed up with the native people of the valley - Newars. Today newar brahmin caste Jha, Mishra and Bhatta are believed to be originated from Maithila.

List of known kings:-

Nanya Dev (1097 - 1147)
Gang Dev (1147 - 1187)
Narsinh Dev (1187 - 1227)
Ramsingh Dev (1227 - 1285)
Shakrasinh Dev (1285 - 1295)
Hari Simha Dev  (1295 - 1324)

It is said that Jagatsingh Dev (son of displaced King Harisingh Dev) later married Nayak devi, widow of King Jaya Stithi Malla.
See Also:-
  1. Sen Kingdoms (16th-18th century)
  2. Madheshi politics
Tags: Doy (डोय), Tirabhukti, Bihar, Simroon
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Sen Kingdoms of Nepal (15th-18th century)

March 15, 2015, 8:31 pm
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Rudra Sen was the founder of the united Kingdom of Palpa in 1493. His son Mukunda Sen I (aka Mani Mukunda) (1518-1553) ruled after him. Boundary of Palpa at the time was Gulmi in the west, Kaski & Kathamandu in the north, Kosi river in the east and Gorakhpur in the south covering both hills and plain areas. But after the death of Mukunda Sen, kingdom of Palpa divided into four small kingdoms among his four sons. Palpa (main part), Butwal, Tanahun, and Makawanpur were then given to his sons Binayak Sen, Manikya Sen, Bhrigu Sen and Lohag Sen respectively.

Palpa (the original kindom) came under Manikya sen after the partition of 1553. Tansen was the capital of the Palpa kingdom. Ambar Sen, Raja of Butwal, succeeded the throne of Palpa, when the line of Raja Manik Sen became extinct. Then Ambar Sen, Gundharva Sen, Mukunda Sen II, Mahadat sen ruled both Butwal & Palpa combined.

Following the marriage between daughter of King Mahadat sen and Bahadur shah of Gorkha in 1784, Palpa had an agreement with Gorkha to help them during their westward expansion. Because of this, Palpa kingdom survived longer than other kingdoms during the Unification of Nepal. Palpa supported Gorkha/Nepal on military campaign against  Gulmi, Argha, Khachi, Dhurkot, Isma, Parbat, Pyuthan, Dang and Rolpa. For this Gorkha gifted Palpa three kingdoms (Gulmi, Argha & Khachi) along with other valuables. But in 1806, Prithivipal Sen, the last king of Palpa, was asked to come to Kathmandu and he was beheaded thus effectively integrating Palpa Kingdom into Nepal.

Known Kings of Palpa
Rudra Sen (1493-1518)
Mukunda Sen I (1518-1553)
Manikya Sen
Ambar Sen (Raja from Butwal)
Gundharva Sen
Mukunda Sen II
Mahadatta Sen (his daughter married Gorkha Prince Bahadur Shah in 1784)
Prithvipal Sen (beheaded 1806 Apr 26 in Bhandarkhal, Kahtmandu)

Butwal came under Binayek Sen after the partition of 1553. Kingdom then named as Binayakpur. This kingdom covered the large plain area west of Gandaki river. Ambar Sen, Raja of Butwal, succeeded the throne of Palpa, when the line of Raja Manik Sen became extinct.

The area of Butwal was the immediate cause of Anglo-Nepal war in 1814. Nepal had laid it claim on Butwal in 1804 AD because it used to be under Palpa Kingdom which was now under Kingdom of Nepal. After Sugaili Treaty following the Anglo-Nepal war, Nepal lost a lot of Terai land, but British did not want to take Butwal. [Sugauli Treaty Article 3 (ii)]

Known Kings of Butwal/Binayakpur
Binayek Sen
Jasu Sen, Raja of Binayakpur
Damodar Sen, Raja of Binayakpur
Balbhadra Sen, Raja of Binayakpur 
Ambar Sen, Raja of Binayakpur & Palpa (succeeded Palpa)

Tanahun came under Bhrigu Sen after partition of 1553 AD. During the unification in around (1744-56) Gorkha King Prithvi Narayan Shah called Tanahun King Tribikram Sen to the bank of the Trishuli River through Guru Gaureswar who was the common preceptor of Narabhupal Shah (father of Prithvi Narayan Shah) and Tribikram Sen  on the pretext of making friendship. Tribikram Sen came, but he was captured by Gorkhas. He was then imprisoned in chains in Nuwakot and Gorkha annexed Tanahun.


part of 1786 Map by James Rennell | Catmandu,  Gorkah, etonda (hetauda),
Muckwanny, Morung, Coosy (Koshi) river, Janickpour (Janakpur) etc.

Makwanpur came under Lohang Sen, the youngest son of Mukunda sen. Boundry of Makwanpur was 3 kingdoms of Kathmandu valley in the North, Kingdom of Bettiah (Bihar) in the south and Kingdom of Morang in the east. 

Indra Kumari, brother Digbandhan Sen, last king of Makwanpur, was married to King Prithivi Narayan Shah of Gorkha. Makwanpur was integrated into Greater Nepal (Gorkha) in Aug 21, 1762 AD. King Digbandhan Sen was arrested on Feb 13, 1763.

Kings of Makwanpur
Lohang Sen (1609-1661)
Harihar Sen (1661-1684) (grandson of Lohang)
Subha Sen (1684- ) (son of Harihar)
Manik Sen ( - ) (son of Subha - older brother of Mahipati Sen of Bijayapur)
Hemkarna Sen ( - )(son of Manik)
Digbandhan Sen (1759 - 1762)

Digbandhan Sen requested help from Bengal nawab Mir Kasim who sent 2,500 troops led by Gurin Khan in 1763 but it was brutally defeated by Gorkhas. The Muslim troops of Kasim fled from the battlefield and the Gorkhas captured their arms and ammunition. After conquering Makwanpur Gorkha focused on Kathmandu valley. Thus Morang Kingdom survived for 12 more years.
Sen (Makwanpur) rule on Morang/ Vijayapur

For about 160 years from 1609 to 1769 AD Sen Kings from Makwanpur and their descendent also ruled Kingdom of Morang. Previously eastern border of Kingdom of Morang was Teesta river. But later Kingdom of Sikkim annexed Illam (the area between Teesta and Kakai rivers) of Morang kingdom. Ilam was later incorporated into Greater Nepal during the unification.

Kings of Morang / Bijayapur
King Lo Hang Sen (Makwanpur) (1609-1661 AD),
King Harihar Sen (Makwanpur) (1661–1684 AD),
King Subha Sen (Makwanpur) and King Bidhata Indra Sen (1684-1706 AD),
Queen Padmidhata Induraj Rajeswari Sabitra Sen (1706-1725 AD),
King Mahipati Sen (1725-1761 AD)
King Kamadatta Sen (1761-1769 AD)
King Buddhikarna Rai (1769 - 1773) (PM to King to PM)
King Karn Singh (1773-1774) (ex king of Chaudandi)

In 1769 AD, the exiled Prime minister of Buddhi Karna assassinated the King Kama Datta Sen and declared himself the King of Morang.
In 1773 AD defeated King of Chaudandi Karn Singh arrived Bijayapur. Buddi Karna then made him the new king of Bijayapur.
Bijayapur was annexed to Nepal in July 17, 1774. Both King Karn Singh and PM Buddi Karna feld to Sikkim then to Calcutta.

Sen Kingdom of Chaudandi 

In 1730, King of Morang Mahipati Sen created a state in central kirat west of Arun river including terai regions and gave it to Jagat Sen (his nephew, brother of Hemkarna Sen of Makwanpur). Capital of Chaudandi was Udayapur fort in inner terai. Gorkha Army entered into Chaudandi in Aug 1772 and captured the capital in July 16, 1773. King Karn Sen fled east to Bijayapur.

Kings of Chaudandi
Jagat Sen (1730- )
Mukunda Sen IV (Brother of Jagat Sen)
Vikrama Sen (another brother of Jagat Sen)
Karna Sen (1762-1773 )(Son of Vikram sen)(fled to Bijaypur then to Sikkim then to Calcutta)

Ruins of Sen Kingdoms available

Sindhuli Gadhi / Fort (Sindhuli district) [gps 27.281, 85.955]
Hariharpur Gadhi / Fort (Sindhuli district) (named after Harisingh Dev of Simraungarh)
Makwanpur Gadhi / Fort (Makwanpur district)
Sanguri Gadhi / Fort (Dhankura district)
Bijayapur Durbar ruins (Sunsari district)

References
  • https://madhesi.wordpress.com/2007/01/14/historical-the-sen-kingdoms/
  • State-making and Territory in South Asia: Lessons from the Anglo–Gorkha War By Bernardo A. Michael
  • Doon Rediscovered -By Shyam Ganguli
  • Gorkha, a history of Nepal  (1957) by the British Lieutenant General Francis Tucker
  • Mediaeval History of Nepal (1958) by Luciano Petech
  • Tanahunko Sen Vamsha by Baburam Acharya(article of 1940)
  • http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nepal/palpa.html

Tags: Madheshi, Tharu, Aramudi

districts: Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusha, Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Makwanpur, Udayapur, Sindhuli
rivers: Kosi, Kamala, Bagmati, In Bara (Bakaiya, Jamuniya, Pasaha, Dudhaura and Bangari)
↧

Chhettri People

October 22, 2014, 2:23 am
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Chhetri or Chhettri or Kshetri or Khatri (क्षेत्री, छेत्री) are all derivatives of Kshatriya in Nepal.

It is said that in ancient Hindu Varna System (हिन्दू वर्ण व्यवस्था) people used to be categorized in to different caste according to their personal characteristics, conduct and spiritual development. Kshatriya were expected to be warrior, fighter and ruler people. All kings, ministers, army-men were given the title "Kshatriya". But when Verna System changed into Caste System (जति प्रथा) everything messed up. In caste system people are categorized according to their birth not by their character. Present day chhettri people are believed to be the decedents of the ancient Kshatriya.

Five Chhetris were given the title "Kaji" by Prithivi Narayan Shah. They are: Basnet, Kuwar, Pandey, Thapa and Bisht. Nepali word "Kaji" can be translated as Minister into English.

Thakuri are sometimes considered to be a sub-caste of Chhetri. But many Thakuri people do not accept that. Socially a perception has developed where people who claim to be Thakuri feel superior to Chhettri caste or at least different from them.

List of chhettri last names:-
  1. Chhetri (Kshatriya) - may be used by all
  2. Karki (revenue officer)
  3. Khadka (sword-bearer)
  4. Bisht (baron/distinguished)
  5. Thapa (Officer)
  6. Katwal (the messanger to people)
  7. Bogati (special kings messengers)
  8. Khatri (KC)
  9. Kunwar / Rana
  10. Basnet / Basnyat
  11. Gharti-Chhetri (G.C.)
  12. Khatri-Chhetri (K.C.)
  13. Budhathoki
  14. Baruwal
  15. Rawal
  16. Rayamajhi
  17. Sanjel
  18. Silwal
  19. Pandey
  20. Dangi (DC)

Thakuri people

Thakuri (ठकुरी) is generally considered as one the Pahadi (पहाडी) race in Nepal. According to 2011 census, Thakuri population in Nepal is 425,623. (Link1) According to joshuaproject 98.71% of Thakuri people believe in Hinduism and majority of them speak Nepali as the first language. (Link2) Majority of Thakuri people live in mid and far western regions of Nepal. (Link1)

List of Thakuri Last names
  1. Thakuri (ठकुरी),
  2. Bam (बम),
  3. Banshi (बंसी),
  4. Barma (बर्मा),
  5. Chand (चन्द),
  6. Chauhan (चौहान),
  7. Dev (देव),
  8. Hamal (हमाल),
  9. Khand (खाँड),
  10. Malla (मल्ल),
  11. Paal (पाल),
  12. Rathore (राठोर),
  13. Raya (राय),
  14. Samal (समाल),
  15. Sen (सेन),
  16. Shah (शाह),
  17. Shahi (शाही),
  18. Singh (सिंह)

Details

Karki Surname

Karki (कार्की)  is believed to be derived from "Kar" which means Revenue in Nepali language. It is said that the descendents of the people who worked as a revenue officer were later called Karki. Different Karkis have different Gotras. So we can sometimes find a Karki marrying another Karki.

It is said that the Mudula Karkis in the western Nepal neither celebrate Bhaitika nor do Gai Puja. But in the east they usually observe Bhaitika but they also don't worship cow.

List of different Karkis and their gotras:-

Lama Karki : Parasar Gotra (परासर) / Khulal Karki : Dhananjaya Gotra (धनञ्जय)
Mudula Karki : Maudagalya Gotra (मौद्गल्य)/ Sutar Karki : Ghrita Kaushik Gotra (घृत कौशिक)
Rume Karki/ Sijapati karki/ Khapatari Karki / Godar karki

FURTHER READING 

हामी मुडुला कार्कीहरुको उत्पत्ति कसरी भयो र हामी मुडुला कार्की कसरी भयौं ?

लेखक : नेत्र राज कार्की
हाल : मलेसिया

सत्य युगमा हाम्रा पुर्खाहरुले माहायज्ञ गराउन चहानु भएछ र त्यस माहायज्ञलाइ सम्पन्न पार्न गुरु पुरहित र पन्डितको आबसेक्ता पर्दछ।त्यस अनुसा नै यज्ञको तिथि मिति तोकियछ। तथापि तेहि तिथिमा दुई ठाउँमा यज्ञ संपन्न गर्नु पर्ने अबस्था आयछ।दुबै ठाउँमा एक जना पन्डिले नभ्याउने भए। तेसपछि हाम्रो पुर्खाले गर्नलागेको यज्ञमा आफ्नो नाबालक छोरालाई पठादिनु भए छ। ती नाबालक पन्डित लाई बेद पढ्न समेत आउदैन थियो ।अब यस्तो परिस्थितिमा यज्ञ कसरी सम्पन्न पार्ने त भनी सोच बिचार गर्न थाल्नुभयो सबैमा निरासको बाताबरण सिर्जना भयो। अब यसरी हुदैन भनी नाबालक पन्डित लाई अगाडि राखेर आफै धोती पटुका फेरि बेद पढ्न सुरुगर्नु भयो।
सत्य युगमा कुनै पनि यज्ञ गर्दा बेद पढेर नै यज्ञको अग्नि कुण्डमा आगो जनमिन्थ्यो ।तर त्यो यज्ञमा हाम्रा पुर्खाले जतिसुकै बेद बढदा पनि यज्ञ कुण्डमा आगो नजन्मिए पछी अब अनर्थ हुने भो भनी निराश हुनुभयो । अब यो त सारै अनर्थ हुने भो अब के उपाय गर्ने त भन्दै झट्ट आफ्नो टुपी उखालेर अग्नि कुण्डमा होमनु भयछ। फलस्वरूप यज्ञको अग्नि कुण्डमा आगो जन्मिए छ र चिताएको कार्य पनि सफल भयो। यसरी आफ्नो टुपी होम गरेको हुनाले टाउको मुडुलो भयो तर उता कार्य सिद्ध भयो ।यसरी नै टाउको मुडुलो पारी कार्य सिद्ध पारेको हुदा हामी मुडुला कार्की भएको हौं भन्ने किम्मदन्ती भनाइ छ।
Source: http://www.mudulakarki.com/2015/07/blog-post.html

मुडुला कार्कीहरुको उत्पत्ति कसरी भयो  ?

लेखक : विश्व कार्की
 बुटवल,कपिलबस्तु, नेपाल

बाइसी चौबिसे राज्यको पाला पश्चिम् अछाम,जाजरकोटमा सानातिना राज्यमा राजा हुने चलन थियो रे एउटा राज्यमा राजा आज लिएर राखेर भोलि बिहान राजा जिउँदो हुदैन थियो रे यसै क्रममा एउटा राजा लिन जाने क्रममा ५ जना कार्की,३जना कुवंर,२जना घर्ती यसै गरि विभिन्न जाती थर भएका मानिसहरु गएछन।बिच बाटोहरुमा बास बस्दै ७/८दिन लगाएर राजा लिएर आएछन। भोलि बिहान राजाको अवस्य मृत्यु भएको होला अब अवस्य मलामी जाने होला भनी त्यो राज्य भित्रका मानिसहरु दरबारमा पुग्दा राजा जिबितै रहेछन्।

सबै मानिसहरु राजा जिबित अवस्थामा देख्दा खुशीले गदगद भए।राजाले सबै राज्यका मानिसहरुलाइ राज्यबासिका नाममा सम्बोधन गरे। सोही क्रममा घर्तिहरुले डाेलिमा बोकेर राम्रोसंग बोकेका रहेछन् ।ती राम्रोगरी डाेलि बोक्ने घर्तिलाइ "डाेले घर्ती",डाेलि बोक्दा अलि अल्छी गर्ने घर्तिलाइ "के के",खाना पकाउदा आगो ओझाउने कुवंरलाइ "ओझा कुवंर",त्यसैगरि आगो फुग्दा चुलोमा बस्दा एउटा कुवंरको निधार भरी खरानी लागेको रहेछ उसलाई "योगि कुवंर",खाना पकाउने बेलामा एउटा कार्की सुतेको रहेछ त्यस कार्कीलाई सुतुवा कार्की (अपभ्रम)भएर "सुतार कार्की",एउटा झार्फुक गर्ने धामीझाँक्री गर्ने कार्की "लामा कार्की", नुन एकदम कम खाने कार्कीलाई "अल्नो कार्की", खाना पकाउन बस्दा कपाल फालेको टोपी नलगाएको कार्की "मुडुला कार्की"यसै गरि के के गरेको खुलाल कार्की भएको किम्बदन्ती बुढापाका बुवाआमाहरुबाट सुनेको थिए।
Source: http://www.mudulakarki.com/2015/07/blog-post_3.html

Khadka Surname

Khadka (खड्का or खँड्का) is one of the surname from Nepal. Most of Khadka are chhettri. But we can also find some Magar khadka. The word "khadka" is believed to be originated from Sanskrit work Khadga (खड्ग) which means Sward. So treditionally Kshetriya people who used to be fight with sward in the war were then called Khadka (खड्का) or sward bearer.

"Kingdom of Gorkha" used to be ruled by magar khadka kings before Shah dynasty. Mansingh Khadka Magar was the last ghale king of gorkha until 27 Sept 1559 AD who was replaced by king Drabya Shah, ancestor of The Great King Prithvi Narayan Shah.

Athbhaiya Khadka (अठ्भैया खड्का) : Kapil Gotra /Kandel Khadka (कँडेल खड्का) : Bhardwaj Gotra
Kalikote Khadka (कालिकोटे खड्का): Atri Gotra /Kapatari Khadka (खपतरी खड्का): Kaushik Gotra
Chor Khadka (चोर खड्का): Kaushik Gotra /Chhndka Khadka (छँड्का खड्का): Kashyap Gotra
Paalpali Khadka (पाल्पाली खड्का): Garg gotra/ Punwar Khadka (पुँवार खड्का) : Kapil Gotra
Barbhaiya Khadka (बरभैया खड्का) : Kapil Gotra / Budthapa Khadka (बुड्थापा खड्का) : Kaushik Gotra
Maharaaut Khadka (महाराउत खड्का) : Kaushik Gotra/Maharaji Khadka (महाराजी खड्का) : Bhardwaj Gotra
Lakain Khadka (लकाइं खड्का) : Kundin Gotra/Lamichhane Khadka (लामिछाने खड्का) : Garg Gotra
Subedi Khadka (सुबेदी खड्का): Bhardwaj Gotra/ Khadka (खड्का) : Batsa Gotra / 


Thapa Surname

Two different caste of people, Magar and Chhettri use this surname. Five Chhetris including Thapa were given the title "Kaji" by The Great King Prithivi Narayan Shah. Rest are: Basnet, Kuwar, Pandey, and Bisht. Nepali word "Kaji" can be translated as Minister into English.

List of Chhettri Thapa and their gotra:-
Bhardwaj Gotra : Achhami (अछामी थापा), Patkheti (पाटखेती  थापा), Maharaji (महाराजी थापा), Bhandare/Bhandari (भण्डारे / भण्डारी थापा), Kalikote (कालिकोटे थापा)
Madgaulya Gotra : Kalikote (कालिकोटे थापा)
Atri : Khulal (खुलाल थापा) , Punwar (पुवाँर थापा), Bagale (बगाले थापा) , Bihare (बिहारे  थापा) 
Kasyap : Godar (गोदार थापा), Ghimire (घिमिरे थापा)
Kaundinya: Gaunle (गाउँले थापा) 
Garg : Lamichhane (लामिछाने थापा) 
Bashishtha : Suyal (सुयाल थापा)

See Also:-
↧

Bahun People

October 23, 2014, 8:44 am
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Bahun (बाहुन) is one of the ethnic group in Nepal. The word Bahun is colloquial word for Nepali hills Brahmana (ब्राह्मण). Its translated as Brahmin in English. In Nepal, there are also two other small Brahman groups. Newar and Madheshi people also have their own Brahmin caste.
Literally Sanskrit world Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) means the ultimate reality which does not change at and beyond the world. Whereas Brahmin (ब्राह्मण) is a person who understands ultimate reality and the god. It is said that in ancient Hindu Varna System (हिन्दू वर्ण व्यवस्था) people used to be categorized in to different caste according to their personal characteristics, conduct and spiritual development. Brahmins were expected to be intellectual, civilized and elegant. All intellectuals, teachers, priests, scientists, philosophers who has such qualities used to be categorized as Brahmin.  But when Verna System changed into Caste System (जति प्रथा) everything messed up. In caste system people are categorized according to their birth not by their character. 

According to 2011 Census 12.2% (3.2 millions) of population are Bahun in Nepal. Bahun itself is categorized into two parts : Purbiya (eastern) and Kumai; whereas both of them are further categorized into Upadhaya and Jaisi sub-caste.

Jaisi Bahun:- Jaisi bahun are another form of Nepali brahimn caste. Traditionally Jaisi bahuns are not permitted to do the vedic karmakand but can practice jyotish shastra and be readers of puran. All of Jaisis are ultimately originated from Upadhaya. Due to some reasons they were changed (degraded ?) to Jaisis from the lineage. Some cases when the descendants changed to be Jaisis were (a) children of a Upadhaya bahun and a widow woman (b) children from a marriage not following proper ritual (Unkanyadan marriages) eg. eloping with a lover etc. Children of a Jaisi couple are also considered to be Jaisi.

List of Purbiya Bahun Last names :-

Acharya (आचार्य), Aryal/Arjyal, Adhikari (अधिकारी), Baral (बराल), Banskota (बाँस्कोटा), Banstola (बाँस्तोला), Bhandari (भण्डारी), Bhattarai (भट्टराई), Chaulagai (चम्लागाईं), Chapagain (चापागाईं), Dahal (दाहाल), Devkota (देवकोटा), Dhungel (ढुंगेल), Ghimire (घिमिरे), Guragain (गुरागाईं), Humagain (हुमागाईं), Khanal (खनाल), Koirala (कोइराला), Lamsal (लम्साल), Nepal (नेपाल), Pokharel (पोखरेल), Poudel (पौडेल), Rijal (रिजाल), Sigdel (सिग्देल), Sanjel (संजेल)

Kumai bahun
Originally people from Kumaon and Garwhal region, which used to be part of Nepal, and now in Uttarakhand, India, are considered Kumai. They are of khas origin. In some sense they are also considered Bahun. And like eastern Bahun system they are also catorized in two subcasts: Upadhaya and Jaisi. But in general practice today in eastern part of Nepal people generally ask about if they are Upadhaya, Jaisi or Kumai. Today Kumai can be found heavily in western part of Nepal as well as eastern districts like Jhapa.

Kumai are considered more clever as there is a proverb in Nepali "Kumai ko ghumai" (कुमाईको घुमाई) means Trap of Kumai.

List of Kumai Bahun Last Names :- 
Awasthi (अवस्थी), Bhatta (भट्ट), Bhetwal (भेटुवाल), Bista (बिष्ट), Chiluwal (चिलुवाल), Gyawali (ज्ञवाली), Joshi  (जोशी), Kadel/Kandel (कंडेल/कडेल), Kharel (खरेल), Lohani (लोहोनी), Mainali (मैनाली), Oli (ओली), Pandey (पाँडे/पाण्डे), Paneru (पनेरु), Panta (पन्त), Pathak (पाठक), Prasai (प्रसाईं), Regmi (रेग्मी), Sangraula (संग्रौला), Sedhai (सेढाई), Shiwakoti/siwakoti (शिवाकोटी), Simkhada (सिम्खडा), Sitaula (सिटौला), Thapaliya (थपलिया), Upreti (उप्रेती)


Nepali Bhraman people of other race:-
* Madheshi/Mithila Brahmin (मधेसी बाहुन) : (कायस्थ, नुराङ, राजपुत, Jha, Mishra) [Mahottari & Dhanusha districts] According to Nepal census 2011 Terai Brahman are 134,106 (0.5%).
* Newar Brahmin : Deo Brahmin (Rajopadhyaya), Maithil Brahmin (Jha, Mishra, Bhatta). According to Nepal census 2011 total population of Newar is 1,321,933 (5%). But there is no separate data of Newar brahmin.

Indian Brahmin culture:-
There are mainly two groups of brahmins in India having 5 different brahmins cluster in each group. The northern group of brahmins is known as Pancha-Gauda and southern is known as Pancha-Dravida.

Pancha-Gauda:- * Gauda * Kannaujia (central India) * Maithila (Bihar-India & Madhesh-Nepal) * Utkala (Orissa) * Saraswat Brahmin
Pancha-Dravida:- * Gurjara (Gujarati) * Maharashtraka (Maharashtrian) [Vyawahare, Vyas, Kulkarni, Pathak, Phadke, Karandikar etc] * Karnataka (Kannada) * Talianga (Telugu)  * Dravida (Tamil Nadu and Kerala) [Iyer, Sastri, Bhattar etc]

Other:- Assamese Brahmins (Sarma, Sharma, Goswami,Thakur, Borthakur, Bordoloi, Bhagawati, Chakraborty, Barua, Baruah, Bezbaruah, Acharya, Acharjee, Bhattacharya)

Notable Bahun people:-

* Former PMs: BP Koirala (1914-1982), Girija Prasad Koirala, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Puspakamal Dahal (Prachanda), Baburam Bhattarai, Madhav Nepal, Jhala Nath Khanal, Khil Raj Regmi etc
* Literature: Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Bhanu Bhakta Acharya
* Flims: Manisha Koirala, Hari Bansa Acharya

Details of Bahun surnames


Dahal Surname
Dahal (दाहाल or दहाल) along with Lamsal, Kunwar and Rana belong to Vatsa Gotra. Dahal are originated from Dullu, Dailekh district. They used to be called "Bhatta" and then "Upadhaya" before Dahal. Dasu Bhatta is believed to be forefather of Dahal people.

FURTHER READING - Source:  http://www.hamrakura.com/117981.html#sthash.lFXvug0v.dpbs

पश्चिम नेपालको दैलेखको दुल्लु दाहालहरुको उद्गम स्थल भएको कुरा दाहाल वंसावलीमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ दाहाल भनिनु अघि दाहालहरु भट्ट भनेर चिनीन्थे पछि पाध्याय, उपाध्याय हुदै दाहाल लेख्न र भन्न थालिएको किवंदन्तीहरुमा उल्लेख छ। दासु भट्टका सन्तानहरु शंकर पाध्याप काभ्रेको नाला आएर बसोबास गरेको र उनीहरु नै अहिलेका दाहालको पुर्खा भएको बताइएको छ। अहिलेसम्म दाहालको २५ पुस्ताको इतिहास फेला परेको छ।

दाहालहरु दासु भट्टका सन्तान हुन्। लम्साल, रुपाखेती, कुवर, राणा सबै दाहाल नै हुन्। विभिन्न काल खण्डमा आएर दाहालले दोलखामा रोपेको खेत बिर्ता पाएको भएर एकथरी दाहाल रुपाखेती भए। दाहाल भित्रैका लुम्साली बाजेका सन्तान अपभ्रम्स भै हाल लम्सालको रुपमा रहेका छन्। दाहालकै एक सन्तानले मगर जातकी कन्या संग बैबाहिक सम्बन्ध कायम गरेकाले तात्कालीन प्रचलन अनुसार अन्तर्जातीय बिबाह गर्ने वर सुवर नभई कुवर हुन्छ भनि कुवर भन्न थालियो। पछी कुवंर भन्न र लेख्न थालियो। तिनै कुवंर मध्यका बाल नरसिंह कुवंरका सन्तान जंग बहादुर कुवंरले कोतपर्ब पश्चात उपाधि स्वरुप राणा पदवी धारणा गरेका हुन। दाहाल थरको थरको गोत्र वत्स हुन्छ। दाहाल हरुको सगोत्री थर हरु लम्साल, कुँवर, राणा र रुपाखेती हुन्।

Lamsal Surname
Lamsal or Lamshal (लम्साल or लम्शाल or लंसाल) along with Dahal, Kunwar and Rana belong to Vatsa Gotra. There are some different stories about origin of Lamsal people. Some say Lamsals are originated from Lamsu (लम्सु), Dailekh district. Others say that Lamsal, Rupakheti, Rana, Kunwar all belong to Dahal which was originated in Dullu, Dailekh district. Children of a person named Lumsali (लुम्साली) from Dahal family were later known as Lamsal.

Variations
Raipure Lamsal : Lamsal people from Raipur (FB)
Lumsali (लुम्साली) : mostly found in western Nepal.

5-Gains (पाँच गाईंहरु)
5 surnames ending with "gai" or "gain" are collectively known as 5-gais. They are all Bahun surnames but some of them have different gotra. They are:-

Bajgain (बजगाईं): Mandabya gotra
Chapagain (चापागाईं): Atri gotra
Chamlagain (चम्लागाईं): Bhardwaj gotra
Guragain (गुरागाईं): Dhananjaya gotra
Humagain (हुमागाईं): Dhannajaya gotra

Paani Pokhrel & Dudh Pokhrel

There are two kinds of pokhrels. Paani pokhrel are Aatreya gotra and Dudh pokharel are Bhardwaj gotra. These two pokharels inter-merry each other.

read more:- link
‘सोमनाथ’ आत्रेयहरूका ऐतिहासिक मूलपुरुष हुन् भने काशीदास/कुशभद्रा (वि.सं.९५०) ‘पानी पोखरेल’का मूलपुरुष हुन् । सोमनाथ आत्रेयको जन्म वि.स. ५२० तिर कर्णाटकको मैसुरमा भएको थियो । यिनले गुजरातको सौराष्ट्रमा सोमनाथको भव्य मन्दिर बनाएका थिए । काशीदास/कुशभद्रा (वि.सं.९५०) कन्नौजका राजा थिए । उनि अलाउद्दीन खिल्जीले गद्दीबाट हटाएपछि बाहुनको भेष लिएर नेपाल पसेका थिए । जाजरकोटे राजाको वंशावली, सोम वंशावली, सल्यानी राजाको वंशावली, अज्र्याल वंशावली र गोतामे वंशावलीअनुसार पनि नेपालका सबै अत्रि र आत्रेय गोत्र हुने रैती र राजाका मूल पुर्खा कन्नौजबाट आएको पुष्टि हुन्छ।  पुस्ता खुट्याउने क्रममा अहिलेको पुस्ता सोमनाथदेखि ४७ औं पुस्तामा रहेको छ भने काशीदासदेखि ३४ औं पुस्तामा रहेको छ ।

Dhakal

Dhakal belong to Upamanyu (उपमन्यु) gotra along with Bartaula, Bhatta (duwal), Mainali, Pathak. It is said that dhakal were originated from Dhaku, Gorkha district.

Read more:- link
ढकाल (ढकाल) नेपालमा सर्वत्र पाइने एक ब्राह्मण जातिको थर हो। यिनीहरू ऋषि उपमन्युको प्रत्यक्ष सन्तती भइको विश्वास गरिन्छ , जो ऋषि वशिष्ठको सन्तति रहेका थिए। यिनीहरू पश्चिमी नेपालको गोरखा जिल्लाको ढाकु नामक स्थानमा उत्पन्न भएको मानिन्छ। याकु लामो समय देखि ढकालहरूको विर्ताको रूपमा रहेको मानिएको छ। ढकालहरू नेपाल र भारतको सबै पर्वतीय क्षेत्रहरूमा पाइन्छन। भारतको कनौजा कान्यकुन्ज बाट उपमन्यु गोत्रिय ब्राहमण हालको सेति अ‍ैचलको अछाम जिल्लाको आवासयोग्य ढाकामुली भन्ने ठाउमा बसोवास गरेका र अन्यत्र फैलिएका हुन ।


गाउँका नाउँबाट उत्पत्ति भएका थरहरू
जुम्ला
गाउँ– थर
धिता– धिताल
पाण्डुसेरा– पाण्डे
सिञ्जा– सिंजापति
चैडिलागाउँ –चौलागाई
प्याकुरी– प्याकुरेल
सिम्खाडा– सिम्खडा

बाजुरा
जमकट्टी– जमरकट्टेल
छाती– छन्त्याल
कुँडी– कुड्याल
बेलकाटे– केलकाटिया
खातिवाडा– खाती

बैतडी
गाजरी– गजुरेल

डोटी
डोटेखेला– डोटेल
निरौली– निरौला
ओझाना– ओझा
बोगटान– बोगटी
मुडभरा–मुडभरी
मुगु
खनाया– खनाल
कालैगाउँ– कल्यान
खत्याड– खतिवडा		अछाम
तिमिल्सैन– तिमिल्सिना, तिम्सिना
घमिराउँ– घिमिरे
देवकोट– देवकोटा
ढुङ्ग्रानी– ढुङ्गाना
ढाँकु– ढकाल
बजगाउँ– बजगाई
रिमा– रिमाल, रसाईली
स्वाँरा– स्वार
घोडासैन– घोडासैनी
पुरासैन– पुडासैनी
धमाली– धमला
दर्ना– दर्नाल
कुइका– कुइँकेल,
चाल्सा– चालिसे
बारला–बराल
लामिसाल– लम्साल

बझाङ
रेगम– रेग्मी
सोत– सोती
खार– खरेल, खराल
सुवाडा–सुबेडा, सुवेदी
बयाना– बनियाँ, बानियाँ

रुकुम
सर्पुकोट–सापकोटा

दाङ
रजौरा– रजौरिया		दैलेख
लामाछान्नी–लामिछाने
बाँस्कोट–बास्कोटा
बाँस्तोली–बास्तोला
सातला– सत्याल
लुयाटी–लुईटेल
चापागाउँ– चापागाईं
नेपा–नेपाल
रिजु्– रिजाल
पोखर– पोखरेल
लम्सु– लम्साल
लम्जी– लम्जेल
दह– दाहाल, दहाल
गैह्रा–गैह्रे, गैरे
भूर्ति– भूर्तेल
पराजुल–पराजुली
कोइराली–कोइराला
दवाडा– दवाडी
कट्टील–कट्टेल
भुषाकोट– भुषाल
सुइय–सुञेल
वड–वडाल
मोडासैन–मरासैनी,मरासिनी
गुरगाउँ– गुरागाईं
कालिकोट
खिट्किसैन– खिर्सिने
भुतौ– भुर्तेल
राँचु– रुचाल
गेला–गेलाल
वञ्जाडा–वञ्जाडे
बाँझकोट–बाझकोटा

External link:-

http://gopalakri.blogspot.com/2013_01_17_archive.html
http://kathmandutoday.com/2015/12/157039.html

Tags: nepali brahmin surnames list
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List of City, Village & Zip Code in Nepal

May 20, 2014, 4:48 pm
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Nepal has 77 districts and 753 local levels which includes 6 metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities and 460 Rural Municipalities having total 6,743 wards inside them. For the list of postal code scroll down all the way.
Cities in State no 1

Jhapa: Damak, Kankai, Shiva Satakshi, Birtamode, Mechinagar,  Bhadrapur, Arjundhara, Gauradaha
Morang: Biratnagar Metro, Urlabari, Belbari, Letang, Pathri Shanischare, Rangeli, Ratuwamai, Sunbarshi, Sundar Haraicha
Sunsari: Dharan Sub-Metro, Itahari Sub-Metro, Inaruwa, Duhabi, Ramdhuni, Barah

Dhankuta: Dhankuta, Pakhribas, Mahalaxmi
Terathum: Myaglung, Laliguras
Ilam: Ilam, Deumai, Mai, Suryodaya
Pachthar : Phidim
Taplejung : Fungling
Sankhuwasabha: Chainpur, Dharmadevi, Khandbari, Madi, Panchkhapan
Bhojpur: Bhojpur, Sadananda
Solukhumbu: Solu DudhKunda (center- Salleri)
Okhaldhunga: Siddicharan Muni (center: Okhaldhunga bazar)
Khotang: Halesi Tuwachung, Rupakot Majhuwagadhi
Udayapur: Katari, Triyuga, Chaudandigadhi, Belaka

Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality in State 1:- 88

Jhapa: Kamal (कमल), Buddha Shanti (बुद्धशान्ति), Kachankawal (कचनकवल), Jhapa (झापा), Barhadashi (बाह्रदशी), Gaurigunj (गौरीगंज), Haldibari (हल्दीवारी)

Morang: Jahada (जहदा), Budi Ganga (बुढीगंगा), Katahari (कटहरी), Dhanpalthan (धनपालथान), Kanepokhari (कानेपोखरी), Gramthan (ग्रामथान), Kerabari (केरावारी), Miklajung (मिक्लाजुङ)
Sunsari: Koshi (कोशी), Harinagar (हरिनगर), Bhokraha (भोक्राहा), Dewangunj (देवानगन्ज), Gadhi (गढी), Barju (बर्जु)

Ilam: Phakphokthum (फाकफोकथुम), Mai Jogmai (माईजोगमाई), Chulachuli (चुलाचुली), Rong (रोङ), Mangsebung (माङसेबुङ), Sandakpur (सन्दकपुर)
Panchthar: Miklajung (मिक्लाजुङ), Phalgunanda (फाल्गुनन्द), Hilihang (हिलिहाङ), Phalelung (फालेलुङ), Yangbarak (याङवरक), Kummayak (कुम्मायक), Tumbewa (तुम्बेवा)
Taplejung: Sirijangha (सिरीजङ्घा), Aathrai Triveni (आठराई त्रिवेणी), Pathibhara Yangbarak (पाथिभरा याङवरक), Meringden (मेरिङदेन), Sidingwa (सिदिङ्वा), Phaktanglung (फक्ताङलुङ), Maiwa Khola (मैवाखोला), Mikwa Khola (मिक्वाखोला)
Bhojpur: Hatuwagadhi (हतुवागढी), Ramprasad Rai (रामप्रसाद राई), Aamchok (आमचोक), Tyamkemaiyum (टेम्केमैयुङ), Arun (अरुण), Pauwadungma (पौवादुङमा), Salpa Silichho (साल्पासिलिछो)
Dhankuta: Sangurigadhi (सागुरीगढी), Chaubise (चौविसे), Sahidbhumi (सहिदभुमी), Chhathar Jorpati (छथर जोरपाटी)
Khotang: Khotehang (खोटेहाङ), Diprung Chuichumma (दिप्रुङ चुइचुम्मा), Aiselukharka (ऐसेलुखर्क), Jantedhunga (जन्तेढुंगा), Kepilasgadhi (केपिलासगढी), Barahpokhari (बराहपोखरी), Rawa Besi (रावा बेसी), Sakela (साकेला)
Okhaldhunga: Mane Bhanjyang (मानेभञ्ज्याङ), Champadevi (चम्पादेवी), Sunkoshi (सुनकोशी), Molung (मोलुङ), Chisankhugadhi (चिसंखुगढी), Khiji Demba (खिजिदेम्बा), Likhu (लिखु)
Solukhumbu: Thulung Dudhkoshi (थुलुङ दुधकोशी), Necha Salyan (नेचासल्यान), Mapya Dudhkoshi (माप्य दुधकोशी), Maha Kulung (महाकुलुङ), Sotang (सोताङ), Khumbu Pasang Lhamu (खुम्बु पासाङल्हमु), Likhu Pike (लिखुपिके)
Sankhuwasabha: Makalu (मकालु), Silichong (सिलीचोङ), Sabhapokhari (सभापोखरी), Chichila (चिचिला), Bhot Khola (भोटखोला)
Terathum: Aathrai (आठराई), Phedap (फेदाप), Chhathar (छथर), Menchayayem (मेन्छयायेम)

Udayapur: Udayapurgadhi (उदयपुरगढी), Rautamai (रौतामाई), Tapli (ताप्ली), Sunkoshi (लिम्चुङ्ग्बुङ)

Cities in State no 2

Parsa: Birgunj Metro (वीरगंज), Pokharia
Bara: Kalaiya Sub-Metro (कलैया), Jeetpur Simara Sub-Metro (जीतपुरसिमरा), Kolhwi, Nijhgarh, Maha-Gadhimai, Simraungarh
Rautahat: Chandrapur, Garuda Muni, Gaur
Sarlahi: Malangwa, Ishworpur, Lalbandi, Haripur, Haripurwa, Hariwan, Barahthawa, Balara, Godaita, Bagmati
Mahottari: Jaleshwor, Bardibas, Gaushala
Dhanusha:  Janakpur Sub-Metro (जनकपुर), Kshireshwornath, Ganeshman Charnath, Dhanushadham, Nagrain, Videh, Mithila, Shahidnagar, Sabaila
Siraha: Lahan, Dhangadimai, Siraha, Golbazar, Mirchaiya, Kalyanpur
Saptari: Rajbiraj, Kanchanrup, Dakneshwori, Bodebarsaain, Khadak, Shambhunath, Surunga, Hanumarnagar Kankalini

Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality in State 2:-

Saptari (6) : sumana gaunpalika, mohali gaunpalika, topa gaunpalika, belhi chapena gaunpalika, khadaka gaunpalika, chhinnamasta gaunpalika

Siraha (6) : aurahi gaunpalika, karjanha gaunpalika, kalyanapur jabdi gaunpalika, visnupur prama gaunpalika, bhagavanapur gaunpalika, mahesapur patari gaunpalika

Dhanusha (4) : jamuni gaunpalika, mithila bihari gaunpalika, hansapur gaunpalika,kamala siddhidatri gaunpalika

Mahottari (10) : sonama gaunpalika, samsi gaunpalika, loharapatti gaunpalika, ramagopalapur gaunpalika, manara gaunpalika, matihani gaunpalika, bhangaha gaunpalika, balava gaunpalika, aurahi gaunpalika, pipara gaunpalika, ekadara gaunpalika

Sarlahi (8) : kavilasi gaunpalika, karmaiya gaunpalika, dhanakaula paschima gaunpalika, chandranagara gaunpalika, visnu gaunpalika, belhi gaunpalika, godaita gaunpalika, ramanagara bahuarva gaunpalika

Rautahat (12) : bhinak gaunpalika, bhagavati gaunpalika, baidhimai gaunpalika, bijayapur gaunpalika, paroha gaunpalika, gadhimai gaunpalika, gajara gaunpalika, katahariya gaunpalika, isanath gaunpalika, maulapur gaunpalika, Brindavan gaunpalika, rajapur gaunpalika

Bara (7): devatal gaunpalika, paravanipur gaunpalika, baragadhi gaunpalika, pheta gaunpalika, prasauni gaunpalika, kotaval gaunpalika, pacharauta satamauja gaunpalika

Parsa (9) : jaganathapur gaunpalika, paterva sugauli gaunpalika, sakhuva prasauni gaunpalika, suvarnapur gaunpalika, dhobini gaunpalika, visramapur gaunpalika, pakaha mainapur gaunpalika, baleva prasauni gaunpalika, harapur gaunpalika

Cities in State no 3

Kathmandu:  Kathmandu Metro (काठमाण्डौ), Dakshinkali, Shankarapur, Kirtipur, Tarkeshwor, Nagarjun, Chandragiri, Tokha, Budanilkantha, Gokarneshwor, Kageshwori
Lalitpur : Lalitpur Metro (ललितपुर ), Godawari, Mahalaxmi
Bhaktapur : Bhaktapur, Madhyapur, Changunarayan, Suryabinayak

Makwanpur : Hetauda Sub-Metro (हेटौडा), Thaha
Chitwan: Bharatpur Metro (भरतपुर), Madi, Rapti, Kalika, Ratnanagar, Khairahani
Kabhre: Panauti, Panchkhal, Banepa, Namobudda, Dhulikhel, Mandandeupur
Sindhupalchowk: Melamchi, Barabise, Chatara
Dolakha: Jiri, Bhimeshwor
Ramechhap: Manthali, Ramechhap
Sindhuli: Dudhauli, Kamalamai
Nuwakot: Bidur, Belkotgadhi
Dhading: Nilkantha, Dhunibesi

Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality State 3:-

Kathmandu:- No villages
Lalitpur (3) : konjyosoma gaunpalika, bagamati gaunpalika, mahankala gaunpalika
Bhaktapur:- No Villages

Sindhuli (7) : golanjara gaunpalika, ghyanalekha gaunpalika, tinapatana gaunpalika, phikkal gaunpalika, marina gaunpalika, sunkoshi gaunpalika, hariharapuragadhi gaunpalika
Ramechhap (6) : umakunda gaunpalika, khandadevi gaunpalika, gokulaganga gaunpalika, doramba gaunpalika, likhu gaunpalika, sunapati gaunpalika
Dolakha (7) : kalinchoka gaunpalika, gaurisankara gaunpalika, tamakoshi gaunpalika, meluna gaunpalika, bigu gaunpalika, baitesvara gaunpalika, sailuna gaunpalika
Kabhre (7) : khani-khola gaunpalika, chaunrideurali gaunpalika, temala gaunpalika, bethanachoka gaunpalika, bhumlu gaunpalika, mahabharata gaunpalika, rosi gaunpalika
Sindhupalchowk (9) : indravati gaunpalika, jugala gaunpalika, panchapokhari thanapala gaunpalika, balephi gaunpalika, bhotekoshi gaunpalika, lisankhu pakhara gaunpalika, sunakoshi gaunpalika, helambu gaunpalika, tripurasundari gaunpalika
Rasuwa (5) : uttaragaya gaunpalika, kalika gaunpalika, gosainkunda gaunpalika, naukunda gaunpalika, parvatikunda gaunpalika
Nuwakot (10) : kispana gaunpalika, kolpu gaunpalika, tadi gaunpalika, tarakesvara gaunpalika, dupchesvara gaunpalika, panchakanya gaunpalika, belakotagadhi gaunpalika, meghana gaunpalika, sivapuri gaunpalika, suryagadhi gaunpalika
Dhading (11) : khaniyabasa gaunpalika, gajuri gaunpalika, galchhi gaunpalika, gangajamuna gaunpalika, jvalamukhi gaunpalika, thakre gaunpalika, netravati gaunpalika, benighata rorana gaunpalika, rubi bhyali gaunpalika, siddhaleka gaunpalika, tripurasundari gaunpalika
Makwanpur (8) : indrasarovara gaunpalika, kailasa gaunpalika, bakaiya gaunpalika, bagamati gaunpalika, bhimaphedi gaunpalika, makavanapuragadhi gaunpalika, manahari gaunpalika, raksirana gaunpalika
Chitwan (1) : ichchhakamana gaunpalika

Cities in GANDAKI (former State no 4)


Kaski: Pokhara Metro (पोखरा )
Gorkha: Gorkha, Palungtar
Baglung: Baglung, Galkot, Jaimani, Dhorpatan
Lamjung: MadhyeNepal, Rainas, Besisahar, Sundarbazar
Syanjya: Chapakot, Bhirkot, Putalibazar, Waling, Galyang
Tanahun: Bhimad, Bhanu, Byas, Shuklagandaki
Parbat: Phalebas, Kusma
Myagdi : Beni
Nawalparasi: Gaidakot, Devchuli, Madhyebindu, Kawasoti

Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality GANDAKI (former State 4):-

Gorkha (9) : arughata gaunpalika, gandaki gaunpalika, chumanuvri gaunpalika, dharche gaunpalika, bhimasena gaunpalika, sahida lakhana gaunpalika, siranachoka gaunpalika, sulikota gaunpalika, ajirakota gaunpalika

Lamjung (4) : kvholasothara gaunpalika, dudhapokhari gaunpalika, dordigaunpalika, masryandi gaunpalika

Kaski (4) : annapurna gaunpalika, machhapuchchha«̔e gaunpalika, madi gaunpalika, rupa gaunpalika

Manang (3) : chame gaunpalika, naso gaunpalika, nesyana gaunpalika

mustang (5) : gharapajhona gaunpalika, thasana gaunpalika, dalome gaunpalika, lomanthana gaunpalika, bahragaun muktiksetra gaunpalika

Parbat / Parvat (5) : jalajala gaunpalika, paiyun gaunpalika, mahasila gaunpalika, modi gaunpalika, vihadi gaunpalika

Myagdi  (5): annapurna gaunpalika, dhaulagiri gaunpalika, mangala gaunpalika, malika gaunpalika, raghuganga gaunpalika

Baglung (5) : kathekhola gaunpalika, tamanakhola gaunpalika, tarakhola gaunpalika, nisikhola gaunpalika, badigada gaunpalika, vareng gaunpalika

Syangya (6) : arjunachaupari gaunpalika, andhikhola gaunpalika, kaligandaki gaunpalika, phedikhola gaunpalika, biruva gaunpalika, harinasa gaunpalika

Tanahun (6) : anbukhaireni gaunpalika, risina gaunpalika, ghirina gaunpalika, devaghata gaunpalika, myagde, gaunpalika bandipur gaunpalika

Nawalparasi half (8) : triveni-susta gaunpalika, palhinandana gaunpalika, pratapapur gaunpalika, bundikali gaunpalika, bulinatara gaunpalika, vinayi gaunpalika, saravala gaunpalika, hupsekota gaunpalika

Cities in State no 5


Rupandehi : Butwal Sub-Metro (बुटवल), Devdaha, Lumbini Sanskrit, SainaMaina, Siddarthanagar 
Kapilvastu: Tillotama, Kapilvastu, Buddabhumi, Shibraj, Maharajganj, Krishnanagar, Badganga
Dang: Tulsipur Sub-Metr (तुल्सिपुर), Ghorahi Sub-Metro (घोराही), Lamahi
Banke : Nepalgunj Sub-Metro (नेपालगंज), Kohalpur
Bardiya: Gulariya, Madhuban, Rajapur, Thakurbaba, Bansgadhi, Barbardiya

Palpa : Rampur, Tansen
Pyuthan : Pyuthan, Sworgadwari
Gulmi : Resunga
Rolpa : Rolpa

Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality State 5:-

Nawalparasi half

Rupandehi (10) : gaidahava gaunpalika, kanchana gaunpalika, kotahimai gaunpalika, marchavari gaunpalika, mayadevi gaunpalika, omasatiya gaunpalika, rohini gaunpalika, sammarimai gaunpalika, siyari gaunpalika, suddhodhana gaunpalika

Kapilvastu (4) : mayadevi gaunpalika, yasodhara gaunpalika, suddhodhana gaunpalika, vijayanagara gaunpalika

Dang  (7) : bangalachuli gaunpalika, dangisarana gaunpalika, gadhava gaunpalika, rajapur gaunpalika, rapti gaunpalika, santinagara gaunpalika, babai gaunpalika

Banke (6) : narainapur gaunpalika, raptisonari gaunpalika, baijanatha gaunpalika, khajura gaunpalika, duduva gaunpalika, janaki gaunpalika

Bardiya  (2) : badhaiyatala gaunpalika, geruva gaunpalika

Palpa (8) : nisdi gaunpalika, purvakhola gaunpalika, rambha gaunpalika, mathagadhi gaunpalika, tinau gaunpalika, baganasakali gaunpalika, ribdikota gaunpalika, rainadevi chhahara gaunpalika

Arghakhachi (3) : chhatradeva gaunpalika, panini gaunpalika, malarani gaunpalika

Gulmi  (10) : kaligandaki gaunpalika, gulmidarabara gaunpalika, satyavati gaunpalika, chandrakota gaunpalika, ruru gaunpalika, chhatrakota gaunpalika, dhurkota gaunpalika, madane gaunpalika,
malika gaunpalika, isma gaunpalika

Pyuthan (7) : gaumukhi gaunpalika, mandavi gaunpalika, sarumarani gaunpalika, mallarani gaunpalika, nauvahini gaunpalika, jhimaruka gaunpalika, airavati gaunpalika

Rolpa  (9) : triveni gaunpalika, duikholi gaunpalika, madi gaunpalika runtigadhi gaunpalika, lunagri gaunpalika, sukidaha gaunpalika, sunachhahari gaunpalika, suvarnavati gaunpalika, thavana gaunpalika

Rukum (half  with state 6) (6) : putha uttaraganga gaunpalika, bhume gaunpalika, sisne gaunpalika, banphikota gaunpalika, triveni gaunpalika, sani bheri gaunpalika

Salyan (7) : kalimati gaunpalika, triveni gaunpalika, kapurakota gaunpalika, chhatresvari gaunpalika, dhorachaura gaunpalika, kumakhamalika gaunpalika, darma gaunpalika

Cities in KARNALI (former State no 6)

Surkhet : Birendranagar, Lekbesi, Bheri Ganga, Panchapuri, Gurbhakot
Dailekh: Narayan, Aathbis, Dullu, Chamunda Bindrasaini
Kalikot : Raskot, Khandachakra
Rukum: Musikot, Chaurjahari
Salyan: Bagchaur, Sharada
Mugu: Chayanath Rara
Dolpa: Thuliveri
Jajarkot : Veri
Jumla : Chandannath


Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality KARNALI (former State 6):-

Surkhet (4) : chaukune gaunpalika, barahatala gaunpalika, chinada gaunpalika, simta gaunpalika

Dailekh  (7) : bhagavatimai gaunpalika, guransa gaunpalika, dungesvara gaunpalika, naumule gaunpalika, mahabu gaunpalika, bhairavi gaunpalika, thantikandha gaunpalika

jajarkot(4) : barekota gaunpalika, kuse gaunpalika, junichande gaunpalika, sivalaya gaunpalika

Rukum (half shared with state 5)

kalikot: (6) : pachalajharana gaunpalika, sanni triveni gaunpalika, naraharinatha gaunpalika, kalika gaupalika, mahavai gaupalika, palata gaupalika

Jumla (7) : kanakasundari gaunpalika, sinja gaunpalika, hima gaunpalika, tila gaunpalika, guthichaura gaunpalika, tatopani gaunpalika, patarasi gaunpalika

Dolpa (6) : dolpo buddha gaunpalika, se phoksundo gaunpalika, jagadulla gaunpalika, mudkechula gaunpalika, kaike gaunpalika, chharka tanasona gaunpalika

mugu(3) : muguma karmaronga gaunpalika, soru gaunpalika, khatyada gaunpalika.



humla (7) : simakota gaunpalika, namkha gaunpalika, kharpunatha gaunpalika, sarkegada gaunpalika, chankheli gaunpalika, adanachuli gaunpalika, tanjakota gaunpalika

Cities in SUDUR-PASCHIM (former State no 7)

Kailali : Dhangadhi Sub-Metro (धनगढी), Tikapur, Bhajani, Godawari, Gauriganga, Ghodagodhi, Laxmi Chuha
Kanchanpur: Bhimdatta, Mahakali, Bedkot, Shuklafata, Krishnapur, Punarbas, Belauri

Dadeldhura: Parshuram, Amargadhi
Doti: Dipayal Silgadhi, Shikhar
Achham: Mangalsen, Kamalbazar, Sanphebagar, Panchedewan Binayak
Baitadi: Dashrathchanda, Melauli, Patan, Purchaudi
Darchula: Mahalaki, Malikarjun, Shailyashikhar
Bajhang: Jaiprithvi, Bungal
Bajura: Badhi Malika, Budhi Nanda, Budhi Ganga, Tribeni

Gaupalika / Villages / Rural Municipality SUDURPASCHIM (former State 7):-

Kailali (6) : janaki gaunpalika, bardagoriya gaunpalika, mohanyala gaunpalika, kailari gaunpalika, josipur gaunpalika, chure gaunpalika

Kanchanpur (2) : beladandi gaunpalika, lalajhadi gaunpalika

Dedeldhura (5) : alitala gaunpalika, bhagesvara gaunpalika, navadurga gaunpalika, ajayameru gaunpalika, ganyapadhura gaunpalika

Doti (7) : purvichauki gaunpalika, badikedara gaunpalika, jorayala gaunpalika, sayala gaunpalika, adarsa gaunpalika, keaisin gaunpalika, bogatana gaunpalika

Achhan  (6) : chaurapati gaunpalika, mellekha gaunpalika, bannigadhi jayagadha gaunpalika, ramarosana gaunpalika, dhakari gaunpalika, turmakhanda gaunpalika

Bajura (5) : gaumula gaunpalika, pandava gupha gaunpalika, svamikartika gaunpalika, chhededaha gaunpalika, himali gaunpalika

Bajhang (9) : kedarasyun gaunpalika, khaptadachhanna gaunpalika, chhabisapathibhera gaunpalika, talakota gaunpalika, thalara gaunpalika, durgathali gaunpalika, masta gaunpalika, bitthadachira gaunpalika, surma gaunpalika

Baitadi (6) : surnaya gaunpalika, sigasa gaunpalika, sivanatha gaunpalika, panchesvara gaunpalika, dogadakedara gaunpalika, dilasaini gaunpalika

Darchula (6) : api-himal gaunpalika, duhun gaunpalika, naugada gaunpalika, marma gaunpalika, lekama gaunpalika, vyasa gaunpalika


ZIP Code, POSTAL Code in Nepal 

Use of postal code is not very popular in Nepal among general people. Following zip codes are created and mostly used by Postal Service Department of government of Nepal. 

Pattern: 5-digit Zip codes were assigned being based on old Development Regions (Bikas Chhetras). The areas of former Far western development region were given the Zip code starting from 1. It increases moving towards east. The Zip code of former Eastern development region starts with 5. In this post zip codes are listed according to the new province names and their jurisdiction. 

Total Zip codes: 918 | Eg: Kathmandu district: from 44600 to 44622 | Jhapa: 57200-57217


ZIP codes in SUDUR-PASCHIM (former State 7)

Darchula : Darchula-10100, Rapla-10101, Duhuti-10102, Malikarjun-10104, Joljibi-10105, Dandakot-10106, Ritha Chaupata-10107, Gokule-10108, Sitola-10109, Marmalatinath-10110, Sipti-10111

Baitadi : Baitadi-10200, Kesharpur-10201, Patan-10202, Khodpe-10203, Mulkhatali-10204, Gajari Changgad-10205, Dehimandau-10207, Sharmali-10209, Srikot-10210, Dilasaini-10211, Swopana Taladehi-10212, Purchaudihat-10213, Sitad-10214, Dhungad-10215

Dadeldhura : Dadeldhura-10300, Ugratara-10302, Dandaban-10303, Ganeshpur-10304, Gaira Ganesh-10305, Jogbudha-10306, Lamikande-10307, Chipur-10308, Ajayameru-10309

Kanchanpur : Kanchanpur-10400, Krishnapur-10401, Kalika-10402, Punarbas-10403, Beldadi-10404, Pipaladi-10405, Kanchanpur-10406, Chandani-10407, Airport-10409, Suda-10410, Jhalari-10411

Bajhang : Bajhang-10500, Talkot-10501, Jamatola-10502, Jaya Prithivi Nagar-10505, Chhanna-10506, Chaudhari-10507, Rayal-10508, Thalara-10509, Bungal-10510, Shayadi-10511

Bajura : Bajura-10600, Dandakot-10602, Jukot-10603, Faiti-10604, Kolti-10605, Manakot-10606, Dogadi-10607, Tate-10608, Chhatara-10609

Achham : Abham-10700, Srikot-10702, Thanti-10703, Mellekh-10704, Bayalpata-10705,
Bhatakatiya-10706, Jayagadh-10707, Kalagaun-10709, Chaurpati-10710, Kuchikot-10711, Kamal bazar-10711, Dhakari-10712, Turmakhad-10713

Doti : Doti-10800, Silgadhi-10801, Sanagaun-10802, Daund-10803, Mauwa Nagardaha-10804, Banedungrasen-10805, Jorayal-10806, Gadhshera-10807, Lanakedareswor-10808, Boktan-10809, Byal-10810, Mudbhara-10811

Kailali : Kailali-10900, Tikapur-10901, Munuwa-10902, Dododhara-10903, Lamki-10904, Masuriya-10905, Pahalmanpur-10906, Hasuliya-10907, Bhajani-10908, Joshipur-10909, Phulbari-10910, Atariya-10911, Chaumala-10912, Phaltude-10914

Humla : Humla-21000, Muchu-21003, Lali-21004, Sarkegadh-21005, Darma-21007, Srinagar-21008

Mugu : Mugu-21100, Rowa-21102, Pulu-21103, Sorubarma-21105, Rara-21106, Sukhadhik-21107, Gumtha-21109, Dhainkot-21110


ZIP codes in KARNALI (former State 6)

Jumla : Jumla-21200, Dillichaur-21202, Tatopani-21204, Malikathata-21205, Kalikakhetu-21206, Narakot-21207, Hatsinja-21208, Chautha-21209

Kalikot : Kalikot-21300, Sanniraskot-21303, Mehalmudi-21304, Kotbada-21305, Kalikot-21306, Padamghat-21307, Jubitha-21308, Thirpu-21309

Dolpa : Dolpa-21400, Juphal-21401, Tripurakot-21402, Liku-21403, Sarmi-21404, Kaigaun-21405, Foksundo-21406, Namdo-21407

Jajarkot : Jajarkot-21500, Dhime-21503, Dalli-21504, Ragda-21505, Rokaya gaun (Limsa)-21506, Dashera-21508, Thalaraikar-21509, Garkhakot-21510, Karkigaun-21511

Dailekh : Dailekh-21600, Gaidabaj-21602, Naumule-21603, Byastada-21604, Dhungeshwor-21605, Malika-21607, Dullu-21608, Jambu Kandha-21609, Rakam Karnali-21610

Surkhet : Surkhet-21700, Chhinchu-21701, Ramghat-21702, Sahare-21703, Gumi-21704, Bheriganga-21705, Matela-21706, Garpan-21707, Kunathari-21709, Babiyachaur-21710, Gutu-21711

Salyan : Salyan-22200, Kalimati Kalche-22201, Luham-22202, Dhanbang-22203, Mahaneta-22204, Malneta-22207, Maidu-22208, Ragechour-22209, Bhalchaur-22210, Tharmare-22211


ZIP codes in State 5

Bardiya : Bardiya-21800, Jamuni-21801, Mainapokhar-21802, Motipur-21803, Magaragadi-21804, Baganaha-21808, Bhurigaun-21809, Rajapur-21811, Pashupatinagar-21813, Sanoshri-21814

Banke : Banke-21900, Suiya-21901, Bhojbhagawanpur-21902, Khaskusma-21903, Kohalapur-21904, Ramjha-21905, Udayapur-21907, Chisapani-21910, Godahana-21911, Jayaspur-21912, Khajura-21913, Chandranagar-21914

Rukum (both east and west given here): Rukum-22000, Rukumkot-22002, Riwangchaur-22004, Kol-22005, Peugha-22007, Chaurjahari-22008, Simli-22009, Radijyula-22010, Baphikot-22011

Rolpa : Rolpa-22100, Khungri-22102, Sirpa-22103, Thawang-22106, Himtakura-22107, Ghartigaun-22108, Nerpa-22110, Dahaban-22111, Shulichaur-22112, Jhenam (Holeri)-22113

Pyuthan : Pyuthan-22300, Dakhaquadi-22301, Bhingri-22303, Wangesal-22304, Baraula-22305, Majuwa-22307, Machchhi-22308, Thulabesi-22309, Lungbahane-22310, Bijuwar-22311, Naya Gaun-22312

Dang : Dang-22400, Hapur-22402, Jumlepani-22403, Bhaluwang-22404, Koilabas-22405, Jangrahawa-22406, Rampur-22407, Urahari-22408, Hekuli-22409, Panchakule-22410, Shantinagar-22411, Tulsipur-22412, Manpur-22413, Lamahi-22414, Ghorahi-22415

Palpa : Palpa-32500, Sahalkot-32501, Rampur-32502, Hungi-32503, Jalpa-32504, Tahu-32505, Jhadewa-32506, Aryabhanjyang-32507, Madanpokhara-32508, Khasyauli-32509, Argali-32510, Chhahara-32511, Palungmainadi-32512, Baldengadi-32513

Gulmi : Gulmi-32600, Purtighat-32601, Bharse-32602, Chandrakot-32603, Majuwa-32604, Ridi-32605, Sringa-32606, Birabas-32607, Wami-32609, Ismadohali-32610, Dhurkot-32611, Purkotadha-32612, Arje-32613, Manabhak-32614, Pipaldanda-32615

Arghakhanchi : Arghakhanchi-32700, Balkot-32701, Arghatosh-32702, Khana-32703, Wangla-32704, Hamshapur-32705, Thada-32706, Khilji-32708, Khidim-32709, Pali-32710, Dhikura-32711, Argha-32712, Subarnakhal-32713

Kapilvastu : Kapilvastu-32800, Pipara-32801, Patariya-32802, Pakadi-32804, Kopawa-32805, Gotihawa-32808, Gorusinge-32809, Pattharkot-32810, Thuniya-32811, Maharajgunj-32812, Ganeshpur-32813, Chanauta-32814, Krishnanagar-32815, Shiva Raj-32816

Rupandehi : Rupandehi-32900, Siktahan-32901, Dhakadhai-32902, Manigram-32903, Kotihawa-32904, Tikuligadh-32904, Thutipipal-32905, Butwal-32907, Parroha-32908, Sauraha Pharsa-32909, Amuwa-32910, Saljhandi-32911, Suryapura-32912, Tenuhawa-32913, Lumbini-32914, Betkuiya-32915, Mahadehiya-32916

Nawalparasi (both east and west given here): Nawalparasi-33000, Rakuwa-33001, Bulingtar-33002, Gaindakot-33003, Dumkauli-33004, Shergunj-33005, Naya Belhani-33006, Tribeni-33007, Semari-33008, Guthi persauni-33009, Bhujahawa-33010, Makar-33011, Tilakpur-33012, Maheshpur-33013, Sunawal-33015, Pithauli-33016


ZIP codes in GANDAKI (former State 4)

Nawalparasi (both east and west given here): Nawalparasi-33000, Rakuwa-33001, Bulingtar-33002, Gaindakot-33003, Dumkauli-33004, Shergunj-33005, Naya Belhani-33006, Tribeni-33007, Semari-33008, Guthi persauni-33009, Bhujahawa-33010, Makar-33011, Tilakpur-33012, Maheshpur-33013, Sunawal-33015, Pithauli-33016

Mustang : Mustang-33100, Marpha-33102, Kagbeni-33103, Charang-33104, Mustang-33105, Chhoser-33106, Muktinath-33107, Lete-33108, Thak Tukuche-33109

Myagdi : Myagdi-33200, Xyamarukot-33202, Galeswor-33203, Rakhu Bhagawati-33204, Sikha-33205, Dana-33206, Babiyachaur-33207, Darbang-33208, Pakhapani-33209, Takam-33210, Lulang-33211

Baglung : Baglung-33300, Pala-33302, Bihukot-33303, Harichaur-33304, Balewa Payupata-33305, Jaidi Belbagar-33306, Bereng-33307, Galkot-33308, Pandavkhani-33309, Arnakot-33310, Khrwang-33311, Bongadovan-33312, Jhimpa-33313, Kusmi Shera-33314

Parbat : Parbat-33400, Salija-33401, Khurkot-33402, Deurali-33403, Thulipokhari-33405, Karkineta-33406, Devisthan-33407, Bachchha-33408, Lankhudeurali-33409, Hubas-33410, Khor Pokhara-33411, Setibeni-33412

Manang : Manang-33500, Pisang-33502, Bhakra-33503, Mathillo Manang-33504, Nar-33507, Dharapani-33509

Lamjung : Lamjung-33600, Maling-33602, Sundar Bazar-33603, Sotipasal-33604, Kunchha-33605, Gilung-33606, Khudi-33607, Phaliyasanghu-33608, Bharate-33609, Gaunda-33610, Tarkughat-33611

Kaski : Kaski-33700, Rupakot-33701, Gagan Gaunda-33702, Makaikhola-33703, Majhathana-33704, Sildujure-33705, Nirmalpokhari-33706, Pardibandh-33707, Bhalam-33708, Chapakot-33709, Birethanti-33710, Naudanda-33711, Ghachok-33712, Purunchaur-33713

Syangja : Syangja-33800, Kolma-33802, Kichnas-33803, Jharkham-33804, Arjunchaupari-33805, Panchamul-33806, Rangethanti-33807, Fedikhola-33808, Bhumare-33811, Kyakmi-33812, Waidha Bhanjhyang-33813, Chapakot-33814, Galyang-33815

Tanahu : Tanahun-33900, Tuhure Pasal-33902, Manechauka-33903, Bandipur-33904, Aanbu Khaireni-33905, Baidi-33906, Kahunshivapur-33907, Rising Ranipokhari-33908, Ghiring Sundhara-33909, Bhimad-33910, Lamagaun-33911, Khairenitar-33912, Shisha Ghat-33913, Dumre-33914, Devaghat-33915

Gorkha : Gorkha-34000, Bungkot-34002, Manakamana-34003, Batase-34004, Luintel-34005, Anapipal-34006, Jaubari-34007, Bhachchek-34008, Saurpani-34009, Ghyampesal-34010, Aarughat-34011, Gumda-34012, Sirdibash-34013


ZIP codes in State 3

Makawanpur : Makawanpur-44100, Phaparbari-44101, Ritha Chhatibwn-44102, Hatiya-44103, Aambhanjyang-44104, Manahari-44106, Hetauda I.A.-44107, Basamadi-44108, Palung-44110, Bhainse-44111, Bhimphedi-44112, Markhu-44113

Chitwan : Chitwan-44200, Bhandara-44202, Khairahani-44203, Ratnanagar-44204, Jutpani-44205, Mugling-44206, Narayangadh-44207, Phulbari-44208, Rampur-44209, Meghauli-44210, Patihani-44211, Soshi Bazar-44212, Harinagar-44213, Madi-44214

Kathmandu : Kathmandu-44600, Sankhu-44601, Chabahil-44602, Sundarijal-44603, Gauchar-44604, Dillibazar-44605, Bansbari-44606, Tokha Saraswati-44608, Sachibalaya-44609, Manmaiju-44610, Balaju-44611, Tribhuvan University-44613, Kalimati-44614, Pharping-44615, Baluwatar-44616, Sarbochcha Adalat-44617, Kirtipur-44618, Thankot-44619, Swayambhu-44620, Pashupati-44621, Budhanilkantha-44622

Lalitpur : Lalitpur-44700, Dhapakhel-44703, Imadol-44705, Darabartole-44707, Lubhu-44708, Godawari-44709, Chapagaun-44710, Gotikhel-44711, Bhattedanda-44712, Pyutar-44713

Bhaktapur : Bhaktapur-44800, Dubakot-44802, Kharipati-44804, Tathali-44805, Jorpati-44806, Gamcha-44809, Dibyashwori-44810, Thimi-44811, Nagarkot-44812

Nuwakot : Nuwakot-44900, Thansingh-44902, Ranipauwa-44903, Taruka-44905, Deurali-44906, Kahule-44907, Nuwakot-44908, Chokade-44909, Kharanitar-44910, Bhadratar-44911, Ramabati-44912, Rautbesi-44913, Pokharichapadanda-44914, Devighat-44915

Rasuwa : Rasuwa-45000, Dhaibung-45003, Ramkali-45004, Rasuwa-45007, Syaphru Besi-45009

Dhading : Dhading-45100, Lapa-45101, Sertung-45102, Phulkharka-45103, Tripureshwor-45104, Katunje-45105, Sunkhani-45106, Sunaulabazar-45108, Maidi-45109, Khanikhola-45110, Bhumisthan-45111, Gajuri-45112, Malekhu-45113

Kavrepalanchok : Kavrepalanchok-45200, Ghartichhap-45201, Mangaltar-45202, Pokharinarayanshthan-45203, Gumati Bhanjyang-45204, Dapcha-45205, Panauti-45209, Banepa-45210, Panchkhal-45212, Mahadevasthan-45213, Phalante-45214, Dolal Ghat-45215, Khopasi-45216

Sindhupalchok : Sindhupalchok-45300, Kodari-45301, Barabise-45302, Atarpur-45304, Lamosanghu-45305, Nawalpur-45306, Pangtang-45307, Jalbire-45308, Bhotsipa-45309, Melamchi Bahunepati-45310, Gyalthum-45311, Thangapaldhap-45312, Dubachaur-45313, Balephi-45314

Ramechhap : Ramechhap-45400, Those-45401, Duragaun-45402, Betali-45403, Khimti-45404, Saghutar-45405, Kathjor-45406, Puranagaun-45408, Doramba-45409, Hiledevi-45410, Bhirpani-45411

Dolkha : Dolkha-45500, Khahare-45501, Namdu-45502, Jiri-45503, Japhekalapani-45505, Melung-45506, Bhusapheda-45507, Sunkhani-45509, Khopachangu-45510, Lamabagar-45511, Chitre-45512

Sindhuli : Sindhuli-45900, Solpa-45901, Bahun Tilpung-45902, Dudhauli-45903, Dakaha-45904, Gwaltar-45905, Khurkot-45906, Belghari-45907, Bhiman-45909, Jhanga Jholi-45910, Netrakali-45911, Kapilakot-45912, Pipalmadhiratanpur-45913


ZIP codes in  State 2

Parsa : Parsa-44300, Aadarshanagar-44301, Parbanipur-44303, Bindabasini-44304, Bahuari Pidari-44305, Shirsiya Khalwatola-44306, Biruwaguthi-44307, Pakahamainpur-44308, Phokhariya-44309, Ranigunj-44310, Paterwa Sugauli-44311, Viswa-44312, Janakitol-44313, Jeetpur-44314, Thori-44315

Bara : Bara-44400, Nijgadh-44401, Mahendra Adarsha-44402, Simraungadh-44403, Umjan-44404, Bariyarpur-44405, Kabahigoth-44406, Dumarwana-44408, Pipradhigoth-44410, Basatpur-44411, Simara-44412, Parsoni-44413, Amalekhgunj-44416, Jeetpur (Bhavanipur)-44417

Rautahat : Rautahat-44500, Saruatha-44502, Pipra bazar-44503, Madhopur-44504, Rajpurpharahadawa-44506, Patharabudhram-44508, Sitalpur-44509, Shivanagar-44510, Laxminiya-44511, Katahariya-44512, Samanpur-44513, Chandra Nigahapur-44515

Dhanusha : Dhanusa-45600, Khajuri-45601, Tinkoriya-45602, Yadukuha-45603, Duhabi-45604, Chakkar-45605, Raghunathpur-45606, Godar Chisapani-45607, Dhanusadham-45608, Bagachauda-45610, Jatahi-45611, Phulgama-45612, Sakhuwa Mahendranagar-45616, Dhalkebar-45617

Mahottari : Mahottari-45700, Bardibash-45701, Bhangaha-45702, Loharpatti-45703, Pipara-45704, Matihani-45705, Ramgopalpur-45707, Balawa-45708, Laxminiya-45710, Gaushala-45711, Shreepur-45712, Samsi-45713, Manara-45714

Sarlahi : Sarlahi-45800, Lalbandi-45801, Bayalbas-45802, Haripurwa-45803, Hariaun-45804, Haripur-45805, Brahmapuri-45806, Kaudena-45809, Barahathawa-45810, Sundarpur-45811, Dumariya-45813, Karmaiya-45814, Harkathawa-45815, Ramnagar(Bahuarwa)-45816, Chhatauna-45817

Saptari : Saptari-56400, Hanuman Nagar-56401, Bairaba-56402, Phattepur-56403, Kanchanpur-56404, Praswani-56405, Bhagawatpur-56406, Koiladi-56407, Chhinnamasta-56408, Bishnupur-56409, Rupani-56411, Pato-56412, Arnaha-56413, Kalyanpur-56414, Bodebarsain-56415, Sisawa-56416, Kadarwona-56417, Bhardaha-56418

Siraha : Siraha-56500, Bastipur-56501, Lahan-56502, Bhagawanpur-56503, Dhanagadhi-56504, Maheshpur patari-56505, Bariyarpatti-56506, Golbazar (Asanpur)-56508, Sukhipur-56509, Bishnupur-56511, Belha-56512, Madar-56513, Mirchaiya-56515, Bandipur-56516, Kalyanpur-56517

ZIP codes in State 1

Solukhumbu : Solukhumbu-56000, Namche Bazar-56002, Sotang-56004, Jubu-56005, Nele-56006, Necha-56007, Shishakhola-56008, Himaganga-56009, Lukla-56010

Okhaldhunga : Okhaldhunga-56100, Khani Bhanjyang-56101, Rumjatar-56102, Rampur-56104, Bigutar-56105, Khiji Phalate-56106, Gamanangtar-56107, Ghorakhori-56108, Chyanam-56109, Mane Bhanjyang-56110, Moli-56111, Ragani-56112

Khotang : Khotang-56200, bakshila-56201, Aiselukharka-56202, Jalpa-56204, Lamidanda-56205, Halesi mahadevasthan-56206, Buipa-56208, Manebhanjyang-56209, Sapteshworichhitapokhari-56210, Khotang-56211, Chisapani-56212, Simpani-56214

Udayapur : Udayapur-56300, Ratapani (Thoksila)-56301, Beltar-56302, Hadiya-56303, Pokhari-56305, Baraha-56306, Bhutar-56307, Rampur Jhilke-56308, Udayapur Gadhi-56309, Katari-56310, Sorung Chhabise-56311, Rauta Murkuchi-56312

Morang : Morang-56600, Chunimari-56601, Rangeli-56602, Sanischare-56603, Urlabari-56604, Madhumalla-56605, Bayarban-56606, Sorabhag-56607, Dadarberiya-56608, Letang-56609, Kerabari-56610, Haraincha-56611, Bhaudaha-56612, Biratnagar Bazar-56613, Rani Sikiyahi-56614, Jhorahat-56615, Banigama-56616, Bansbari-56617

Sunsari : Sunsari-56700, Mangalbare-56702, Chatara-56703, Bakalauri-56704, Itahari-56705, Simariya-56706, Duhabi-56707, Chimadi-56708, Jhumka-56709, Inaruwa-56710, Aurabari-56711, Dewangunj-56712, Madhuvan-56713, Laukahee-56714, Bhutaha-56715, Mahendra Nagar-56716, Chhitaha-56717

Dhankuta : Dhankuta-56800, Mudhebash-56801, Rajarani-56802, Dandabazar-56803, Bhedetar-56804, Ankhisalla-56805, Hile-56806, Muga-56807, Teliya-56808, Pakhribash-56809, Leguwa-56810, Mare Katahare-56811, Arknaule-56812, Chungmang-56813

Sankhuwasabha : Sankhuwasabha-56900, Hatiya-56901, Hedangana-56902, Tamku-56903, Chandanpur-56904, Bahrabishe-56905, Tumlingtar-56906, Wana-56907, Shidhakali-56908, Madi-56909, Ankhibhui-56910, Mamling-56911, Manebhanjyang-56912, Chainpur-56913

Bhojpur : Bhojpur-57000, Kulung Agrakhe-57001, Dingla-57002, Deurali-57003, Pyauli-57004, Yaku-57005, Bastim-57006, Timma-57008, Dilpa Annapurna-57009, Bhulke-57010, Baikunthe-57011, Ranibas-57012, Walangkha-57013, Tiwari Bhanjyang-57014, Dobhane-57015

Terhathum : Terhathum-57100, Jirikhimti-57102, Tinjure-57103, Basantapur-57104, Sudap-57105, Hamarjung-57106, Morahang-57107, Pokalawang-57108, Mulpani-57110, Iwa-57111

Jhapa : Jhapa-57200, Baniyani-57201, Goldhap-57202, Chandragadhi-57203, Birtamod-57204, Sanishchare-57205, Budhabare-57206, Dhulabari-57207, Kankarbhitta-57208, Rajgadh-57209, Durgapur-57210, Jhapa-57211, Dudhe-57212, Shivagunj-57213, Topagachhi-57214, Gaurigunj-57215, Gauradaha-57216, Damak-57217

Ilam : Ilam-57300, Nayabazar-57302, Pashupatinagar-57303, Aaitabare-57304, Harkatebazar-57305, Gajurmukhi-57306, Mangal Bare-57307, Nepaltar-57308, Jamuna-57309, Gitpur-57310, Cheesa Pani Panchami-57311, Phikal-57312

Panchthar : Panchthar-57400, Chyangthapu-57401, Ambarpur-57402, Namluwa-57403, Yangnam-57404, Nawamidanda-57406, Mehelbote-57407, Yasok-57408, Mauwa-57409, Rabi-57410, Limba-57411, Medibung-57412

Taplejung : Taplejung-57500, Khewang-57501, Sadeba-57502, Sinam-57503, Pedang-57504, Thechambu-57505, Siwang-57506, Khokling-57507, Olangchunggola-57508, Thokimba-57509, Dobhan-57510, Change-57511, Hangpang-57512

Official Link: Postal Department, Government of Nepal



Background of cities and villages restructure:-

* During 1987 Local election there were 33 City Panchayat & 4,015 Village Panchayat in Nepal.
* For 1992 Local election (according the new constitution of 1990) 36 Municipalities & 3,995 VDCs were created from old city and village panchayats.
* During 1997 Local election there were 58 municipalities and 3,913 VDCs. (link)
*In 2011 July, Govt declared new 41 municipalities merging 161 VDCs but not implemented.
*In 2014 May 8, Government added 72 new municipalities (including already announced 41 and merging 283 VDCs together) making total 130 municipalities.
*In 2014 Dec, Govt added 61 municipalities again making total 191 and VDCs reduced to 3,276.
*In 2015 Sep, Govt added 26 more making total 217 municipalities(l).
*In 2017 March, again 46 more added making total 263 municipalities.

Following the provision of the new constitution promulgated in 2015 Sep, 
* In 2017 Jan 6, Local area reconstruction commission submitted the final report to the government proposing 719 local levels including 4 Metro, 12 sub-metro, 241 municipalities and 462 Villages. 
* In 2017 Mar 5, govt decided to implement LARC report adding 25 more local levels making total 744. (L) 21 of 25 newly added were created in State no 2 to address madhesi demand. With this there will be 4 metro, 13 sub-metro, 246 muni and 481 village.
* 2017 May 14: Local election First Phase in states 3,4 & 6.
* 2017 May 22, government decided to add 22 more local levels in terai regions(link) but it was blocked by Supreme court in May 26. (L) 
* 2017 May 31 government promoted Biratnagar and Birgunj as metropolitan city.(L) 
* 2017 June 28: Local election Second phase in states 1, 5 & 7.
* 2017 Aug 12: govt decided to add 9 local levels in state no 2 making 28 new municipalities from old 19 villages. (Link). With that, now there are 753 local levels including 6 metro, 11 sub-metro, 276 municipalities and 460 village councils having total 6,743 wards inside them.
* 2017 Sep 18: Local election Third phase in state 2.
* 2018 Jan 25: Deuba gov changed the Name / Central office of 46 local levels. (li)

Districts with no Municipalities : Mustang & Humla.
Districts with no Rural Municipalities: Kathmandu & Bhaktapur.
See Also
  1. New Political Subdivision & Structure of Nepal (2015- present)
  2. Historical Administrative Divisions of Nepal (1768-2015)
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Janajati People

October 17, 2014, 2:06 am
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Aadibashi-Janajati is the umbrella term used to identify the ethnic indigenous people of Nepal. According to 2011 Census 35.81% (9.5 million) people are identified as Janajati. Among 125 listed caste and ethnic groups in the census, 63 are classified as Janajati among which Tharu, Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Newar, Sherpa, Limbu, Rai and Thakali ethnicity are highly visible in the society.

Inclusion of Newar ethnic group in the Janajati list has been controversial. Whereas some other ethnic organizations are demanding to include Khas people (Bahun, Chhettri etc) in the list as well.

All statistics given in this article are from 2011 National census of Nepal . 

Janajati from West Nepal (State 4,5,6 &7)
  1. Magar surnames (1.9 million, 7.1%) Rana, Ale, Thapa, Shrish, Singjali, Rakhal, Gaha, Darlami, Budha(Buda), Gharti, Roka (Rokaya), Jhankri, Budhathoki, Garbuja, Khapangi, Suryabanshi, Raskoti, Bucha, Saru, Khamcha, Pulami, Rajali, Salami, Somai, Dhurel, Balal, Chhantyal, Sarangkoti,Masarangi, Charti, Naamjyali, Palli, Paharai, Damarpal, Pun
  2. Tharu (1.7 million, 6.6%)
  3. Gurung surnames (522,641) Gurung, Tamu
  4. Bhujel, Gharti, Khawas (118,650) (Thnahau, Gorkha, Nawalparasi, Chitwan)
  5. Ghale (26,000) (Gorkha, Lamjung, Manang districts)
  6. Darai (16,789) (Chitwan, Tanahu, Nawalparasi, Gorkha, Dhading etc) (mangolian)
  7. Thakali (13,215) (aka Tin Gaule) (Thak khola region, Mustang district) Sherchan/Serchan, Bhattachan, Gauchan, Tulachan, Lalchan, Hirachan, Jawarchan, Pannachan
  8. Mugali / Mugal (approx 10,000) (Mugu district) (not included in census 2011)
  9. Baram (8140) (aka Barhamu or Baramu) (Gorkha and Tanahun) (Close to Magar & Kirati)
  10. Bote - Majhi (5,019) (Chitwan, Tanahun)
  11. Dura (5,394) (Lamjung and Tanahun districts)
  12. Chhantyal (5,245) (Baglung, Mayagdi districts)
  13. Raji (4,235) (Bheri, Seti and Mahakali zones)
  14. Byasi/ Sauka (3985) (aka Byangsi/ Shauka) (Darchula district, Mahakali zone)
  15. Raute (618) (Karnali and Mahakali regions)
  16. Tangbe / Tangbedanis (approx 400) (Mustang) (not included in census 2011)
  17. Kusunda (273) (aka Ban raja, Mihaq) (Gandaki zone)
Janajati from Central Nepal (State 3 & 1)
  1. Tamang Surnames (1.5 million 5.8%) Tamang, Lama, Moktan, Yonzon, Pakhrin, Ghale, Murmi etc.
  2. Newar Surnames (1.3 million, 5.2%) Rajopadhyaya, Vajracharya, Bare, Shakya, Bhikshu, Gurju, Malla, Pradhan, Raj Bhandari, Joshi, Shrestha, Maske, Karmacharya, Tuladhar, Tamrakar, Kansakar, Awa, Sikarmi, Maharjan, Dangol, Duwal, Sapu, Kabhuja, Musa, Lawat, Awale, Awalay, Kumale, Prajapati, Manandhar, Khusa, Tandukar, Napit, Nakarmi, Karamjit, Bha, Bammala, Mali, Tepe, Citrakar, Putwar, Dali, Balami, Pulu, Ranjitkar, Kusle, Kasain, Khadgi, Shahi, Kulu, Pore, Deola, Chami, Camkhala, Halahulu Detail :List of Newar Castes
  3. Sherpa Surnames (112,946) Sherpa (Mingyak, Goparma, Lama etc)
  4. Chepang/ Praja (68,399) (Makwanpur district)
  5. Thami (28,671) (Dolakha districts)
  6. Bhote (13,397) Bhutiya
  7. Hyolmo/ Yolmo (10,752) (Helambu and Melamchi valley, close to sherpa tribe)
  8. Jirel (5,774) (Jiri valley, close to Sherpa and Sunuwar tribes)

Janjati from Eastern Nepal (state 1, 2)

Kirati Tribes (East hills)
  1. Rai (620,004 - 2.3%)Bantawa, Chamling, Dumi, Dilpali, Jerung, Jero (Jerung), Kulung, Khaling, Lohorung, Mewahang, Puma, Rakhali,  Sampang, Shamsuhaang, Sotang, Sunuwar, Thulung, Tamla, Tilung, Wahaling, Wambule, Yakkha, Yamphu, Syangbo
  2. Limbu (387,300 - 1.5%) Limbu, Subba
  3. Sunuwar (55,712) (Kirati tribe - Okhaldhunga, Ramechhap and Dolakha districts)
  4. Kulung (28,613) (Kirati tribe - Similar to Rai)
  5. Yakkha/ Dewan (24,336) (Kirati tribe - lower Arun valley)
  6. Bahing (3,096) (Kirati tribe- Okhaldhunga, Solukhumbu districts)
  7. Hayu/ Wayu (2,925) (Kirat tribe)
Kochila Region (Jhapa and Morang districts)
  1. Rajbanshi (Koch) (115,242)
  2. Santhal (51,735)
  3. Dhimal (26,298)
  4. Tajpuriya (19,213)
  5. Gangai (18,603)
  6. Meche (bodo) (4,867)
  7. Kisan (1,739)
Other Janajati mainly found in east
  1. Kumal / Kumhar (121,196) (Jhapa, Morang, Sankhuwasabha, Dolakha, Dhading, Chitwan etc)
  2. Danuwar Rai (84,115) (looks Mangolian, linguistically aryan) (eastern terai and hills)
  3. Majhi (83,727) (eastern and central terai and pahad)
  4. Dhanuk (219,808) (Saptari, Siraha and Dhanusha districts) (Madheshi)
  5. Jhangad / Dhagar (37,424) (Dhanusha districts) (Madheshi) (dravidian)

Janajati of Tibetan influence (Far northern Nepal) 
  1. Topkegola (1,523) (Taplejung district) 
  2. Walung (1,249) (Taplejung district)
  3. Thudam (unknown) (Taplejung district) (not included in census 2011)
  4. Lhomi (1,614) (Sankhuwasabha district)
  5. Bahra Gaule (approx 2,000) (Mustang) (not included in census 2011)
  6. Siyar (Chumba) (approx 1,000) (northern Gorkha district) (not included in census 2011)
  7. Larke (some 100s) (northern gorkha) (close to tibetian) (not included in census 2011)
  8. Dolpo (4107) (aka Dolpowa) (northern parts of Dolpa district) 

According to Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) the definition of Indigenous people is as follows:- (link)

* First settlers  prior to the formation of Gorkha and Nepal state.
* Dominated group and no representation in state organs
* Not included in the Hindu cast system.
* Own language, culture and religion different from the rulers.
* Listed by Nepalese Government Indigenous Act 2002.

Which Includes the following races

Kisan (किसान), Kumal (कुमाल), Gangai (गन्गाई), Gurung (गुरुङ), Chepang (चेपाङ), Chhantyal (छन्त्याल), Jirel (जिरेल), Jhangad (झांगड), Tajpuriya (ताजपुरिया), Tamang (तामाङ), Tangbe (ताङ्वे), Topkegola (तोक्पेगोला), Bhote (भोटे), Mugali (मुगाल), Larke (लार्के), Walung (वालुङ), Lhomi (ल्होमी)/ Shingsaba (शिंसावा), Sherpa (शेर्पा), Siyar (सियार), Hyolmo (ह्योल्मो), Thakali (थकाली - तिन गााउले ), Dolpo (डोल्पो), Thudam (थुदाम), Bahra Gaule (बाह्रागाउ), Lapcha (लाप्चा), Thakali (थकाली), Thami (थामी), Tharu (थारु), Danuwar (दनुवार), Darai (दराई), Dura (दुरा), Dhimal (धिमाल), Newar (नेवार), *Pahri (पहरी), Baram (बराम), Bote (बोटे), Bhujel (भुजेल), Magar (मगर), Majhi (माझी), Meche (मेचे), Yakhkha (याक्खा), Limbu (लिम्वु), Rai (राई), Rajbanshi (राजवंशी), Raji (राजी), Shauka (शौका), Santhal (सन्थाल), Sunuwar (सुनुवार), Hayu (हायू),  * Marfali (मार्फाली) - Thakali,  *Surel (सुरेल), Dhanuk (धानुक), Raute (राउटे), Kusunda (कुसुण्डा)


See Also:-
Tags: aadiwashi, cast, आदिबासी, जनजाती, Janjati
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Dalit in Nepal

May 6, 2013, 8:27 am
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Dalit is the term used to identify the group of people who are unlawfully being considered lower class or untouchable. They account almost 3 million or 12. 82 % of total population of Nepal.

Nepal Government defines Dalits as :- "Castes and communities which are suffering racial discrimination and considered untouchable according to 'Hindu caste system' and 'Muluki Ain 1910 B.S.' (old penal code of Nepal) and who are backward from mainstream on social, economic, political, educational and religious terms."

"हिन्दू वर्णा श्रम जाति व्यवस्था, वि.सं. १९१० को मुलुकी ऐनबाट पानी नचल्ने र छोइछिटो हाल्नु पर्ने जातजाति भनी जातीय भेदभाव एवं समाजमा अछुत मानिएका र सामाजिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक, शैक्षिक तथा धार्मिकरुपमा राज्यको मूलप्रवाहबाट पछाडि पारिएका जातजातिका समुदायलाई दलित वर्ग भनी परिभाषित गरिएको छ।"

In Nepal, Dalits are categorized as Pahadi Dallit (Hill dalit) and Tarai Dalit. This is the list of surnames considered as Dalit by Government of Nepal.

 A) Hill Dalit ( पहाडे मूल )

1. Bishwokarma (Kami, Lohar, Sunar, Od, Chunanra, Parki, Tamata)
 विश्वकर्मा (कामी, लोहार, सुनार, ओड, चुनँरा, पार्की, टमटा)
People traditionally involved in iron related works.
2011 population: 12,58,554 (4.75%)

2. Pariyar (Damai, Dargee, Suchikar, Nagarchee, Dholee, Hudke)
परियार (दमाई, दर्जी, सुचिकार, नगर्ची, ढोली, हुड्के) 
People traditionally involved in tailoring business.
2011 population: 472,862 (1.78%)

3. Mijar (Sarki, Charmakar, Bhool)
मिजार - (सार्की, चर्मकार, भूल)
People traditionally involved in leather, shoe related works.
2011 population: 374,816 (1.41%)

4. Badi (बादी)
2011 population : 38,603

5. Gandharba (Gaine) गर्न्धर्व (गाइने)
People involved in traditional music sector.
2011 population: 6,791

6. Pode (Deula,Pujari,Jalari)
पोडे (देउला, पूजारी, जलारी)
People belong to Newar racial group

7. Chyame (Kuchikar,Chyamkhal)
च्यामे (कुचीकार, च्याम्खल)
People traditionally involved in cleaning works.
People belong to Newar racial group.

(Khas-Dalit are from Khas ethnicity. They are: Bishwokarma, Damai, Sarki, Badi and Gandarbh etc)
(Newar dalit are Dalit people from Newari community. They are : Pode, Chyame etc)

 B) Terai Dalit (मधेशी मूल)
  1. Chamar (Ram, Mochi, Harijan, Ravidas) चमार (राम, मोची, हरिजन रविदास) (335,893) (Chamar is very large community in India with above 4.8 crore population incl UP almost 2 crore)
  2. Musahar (मुसहर) (234,490) (Around 28 Lakhs in India mostly in Bihar and UP)
  3. Dushadh (Paswan, Hajara)  दुसाध (पासवान हजरा) // Pasi (पासी) (208,910) (40 lakhs in India)
  4. Dhobi (Rajak) Hindu धोवी (रजक- हिन्दु) (109,079) (In India about 1 crore 24 lakhs)
  5. Tatma (Tanti, Das) (तत्मा/तत्वा - ताँती, दास) (104,865)
  6. Khatwe (Mandal, Khang) (खत्वे- मण्डल, खङ्ग) (100,921)
  7. Bantar (बाँतर/सर्दार) (55,104) (Bantar in India accounts almost 127,000 mostly living in Bihar)
  8. Dom (Marik) (डोम-मरिक) (13,268)
  9. Kori (कोरी) (12,276)
  10. Mestar (Halkhor) (मेस्तर -हल्खोर) (4,003)
  11. Sarbhang (Sarbariya) सरभङ्ग (सरवरिया) (4,906)
  12. Natuwa (नटुवा) (3,062)
  13. Dharikar/ Dhankar (धरिकर/ धन्कार) (2,681)
  14. Dhandi (ढाँडी)  (1,982)
  15. Chidimar (चिडिमार) (1,254)
  16. Kalar (कलर) (1,077)
  17. Kakaihiya (ककैहिया)    X
  18. Khatik (खटिक)    X
 See Also:-
List of Dalit Surnames:-

The communities engaged in making ornaments, weapons, pottery and other labor skills.
Kamis (Iron-smiths), Sunars (Gold-smiths), Lohars (Iron smiths), Vishwakarmas (V.K.), Sobh, Snehi Nepali, Mijhar

Agri, Acharya, Aafladhoti, Wokheda, Wod/Wor, Kadara (Kandara), Karada, Kasara, Kallohar, Kalikote, Kaliraj (Shahoo), Kumaki, Kaini, Koirala, Koli, Khadkathoki, Khapangi, Khati, Gajmer, Gajurel, Gadal, Gadaili, Gahate (Gahatraj), Giri, Gotame, Gowa, Ghatani, Ghamal, Gharti Ghimire, Ghamghotle, Ghimire (Sijapati and Ghimire also called "Shobh"), Ghotane, Chandara/Chandaro, Chilime, Tiwari, Chunara, Chhistal, Jandkami, Tamata (Tamrakar), Thagunna, Thatera, Tiruwa, Dayal/Diyali, Dalami, Darnal, Dudraj (Dudhraj), Dural, Deupate, Dewal, Dhamala, Dhanik (Dhanuk), Nagarkoti (Kabhre and Sindhupanchowk's Rasailis are using nowadays), Niraula, Nepal, Panthi, Palla (Ya), Parajuli, Pahari, Padhyawati, Pagri, Parki, Pulami, Pokharel, Portel, Paudel, Baraili/Barali/Baral, Bunchebhale, Banskota, Bipali, Bhatta, Bhattarai, Bhusal, Bhool, Mahilipar, Mar (Mahar), Mijhar, Rasaili, Rahpal, Rajilohar, Ramdam/Ramdamoo, Rijal, Risal (Raisalis are using), Ruchal, Raikal, Lakandri, Latopi, Labad, Lamgade (It has three sub-category - Lamakarmi, Lamichhane and Poudeli, Lohar, Lwagun/Luhagun, Shahsankar, Shahoo, Sherala, Sadasankar/Sattasankar, Sapkota, Sani, Sundhuwa, Sunchyuri/Sunchiuri, Singaure, Sijapati, Sirpali (Shripali), Suni, Setipar, Seti Mahara, Setisural, Sonam, Himchyuri.

The community treditionally Engaged in Sewing Cloth and Playing Local Musical Instruments
Suchikar / Sujikar, Damai (damahi), dholi, hudke, nagarchi, Nagdi

Asasai, Aauji, Kandel, Katuwal, Karkidholi (Khulal, Mudula, Lama, Sutar), Kalakhati, Koirala, Khatiwada, Guinde, Gautam (Gotame), Ghatani, Ghale, Chahar, Chuhan, Chhinal, Jairu, Thagunna, Thatal, Daunde, Dholi (also used by those who forgot their sub-caste), Dhyaki, Tiwari/Tikhatri, Thapa, Darnal, Damai Pariyar, Damai Parel, Das, Deukar, Dewal, Nagwag, Nagwan, Nagarchi, Negi, Nepal, Naubag, Pariyar (Achhame, Chudal), Panchkoti/Panchakoti, Bahak, Pokharel, Bardewa, Bagchan, Bagdas, Budhapothi, Boodhaprithi, Baiju, Bhandari, Bhitrikoti, Bhusal, Magar, Mahate, Mahara, Male, Ranpal, Ranpahenli, Ratna/Ratne, Ratnapariyar, Rana, Raigain, Raika, Ryainjhyain, Lamghate, Luintel, Shinal, Shilal, Shiwa/Siwa (Kukhure, Gotame, Bhede), Samudrasai, Sunal, Sunam, Sunam, Sunchyuri/Sunchiuri, Sudas, Sasmundra, Shahassamudra, Sooji, Hingmang, Hudke.

The Community treditionally in Leather Profession
Sarki, Charmkar, Mijhar, Bhool

Achchhami/Achhami, Uparkoti, Upreti, Kamar, Koirala, Khatiwada, Giri, Gaire, Gairepipan, Gothe, Ghimire, Chamar, Chudal, Chuhan, Chhatkuli, Thagunna, Chhamarki, Thakursya, Thararai, Dale, Tolangi, Thapaliya, Thak, Daulakoti/Dyaulakoti, Dabe, Dahal, Dulal, Dhamel, Naghali, Pahenli (Panyeli), Purkoti, Batsyal/Basel, Bamrel, Bayalkoti, Bastakoti, Bisunkhe, Bogati, Bhangyal, Bhul/Bheyanl, Bhurtel, Mangrati/Magarati (Aaththane, Kala, Khilinge, Doodh, Dhur, Barhathane), Majboti, Malbule, Malbok, Mudel, Ramtel, Ruchal, Roila, Rokka, Lamjel, Lamsal, Shahi, Shrimati/Sirimal, Sarmaute, Siraute, Surkheni, Suyenl, Sejwal, Hitang.

The community of Singing Gypsies (gandarbha) 
Gaine or Gandharwa, 'Nepali'

Adhikari, Kami, Kala Kaushik, Kala Poudel, Kalichan, Gosai, Jogi, Thakuri, Turki, Bahun, Budhathoki, Baikar/Wagyakar, Baistha (Bistha), Bogate, Bhusal, Bhusalparbate, Maheshwar, Meghnath, Bishwakarma, Bishnupad, Samudri, Sai, Sursaman, Setaparbate, Setichan, Hukchingrana.

Badi community

Kumal Community 
Prajapati or Kumhar Kumals

The community involved in Laundry Profession
Dhobis ( Terai - Raj Dhobi and Dhobi)

Dalits in Madheshi community
Aghori, Karori (Yadav's sub-category untouchables), Kichchak, Kisan, Koche, Khatwe, Gandharwa (Muslim), Chamar/Mochi/Harijan, Chidimar, Gudihara, Jhangad (Uraun/Uram), Jhangar (Kachhuwa, Kharawa, Bakala, Bujira, Bekh, Lakada), Doom/Dom/Dhangar, Tatma, Tanti, Toori, Dusadh, Dhuniyan (Muslim), Dhobi, Nat, Pamariya, Paswan, Pasi, Bantar, Bhilla, Bhuiya, Mirshikar, Munda, Mushar (Sada), Rachwar, Sharbhanga, Shai (Muslim), Satar, Santal (Satar), Halkhor etc.

Dalits in the Newar Community 
Kasais ('butchers')
Chyames
Harhurs
dhobis and Napits' (barbers')

Further Reading:- (source: Government of Nepal, National Dalit Commission) (Link) (link)

१. विश्वकर्मा  जातिका थरहरुः

१. आग्री २.  आचार्य ३.  आफलधोती ४.  ओड ५. कसरा ६. लोहार ७.  कालीकोटे ८.  कालीराज ९.  कुमार्की १०.  कैनी  ११.  कोली १२.  कोइराला १३.  खड्काथोकी १४.  खपाङ्गी १५.  खाती १६.  गजमेर १७.  गजुरेल १८.  गदाइली १९.  गदाल २०.गहतराज २१.  गिरी २२.  गोतामे २३.  गावा २४.  घताने २५.  धमाल २६.  घर्ती २७.  घिमिरे २८. घामछत्ल २९.  चुनार ३०.  छिस्तल ३१.  जाँडकामी    ३२. टमटा ३३.  ठगन्ना ३४.  ठटरा ३५.  नगरकोटी ३६.  निरौला ३७.  नेपाल ३८.  पन्थी ४०.  पल्लय ४१.  पहरी ४२.  पाध्यवती ४३. पार्की ४४.  पोखरेल ४५.  पोर्तेल ४६.  पौडेल ४७.  पौडेली ४८.  बराईली बराल वराली ४९.  वुचेभाले ५०.  बाँस्कोटा ५१.  श्रीपाली      ५२. दियाली ५३.  दुधराज ५४.  भट्ट ५५.  भट्टराई ५६.  भुसाल ५७.  भुल ५८.  माहिलीपार ५९.  महर ६०.  रसाइली ६१.  रहपाल ६२.  राजीलौहार ६३.  सापकोटा ६४.  सुन्च्युरी ६५.  सुनधुवा ६६.  सिगाउरे ६७.  सिजापती ६८.  सेतीपार ६९.  सेतीसुरुवाल ७०.सेतीमहर ७१.रामदाम ७२.  रिजाल ७३.  ल्वागुन ७४.  साशंकर सदाशंकर ७५.  शेरेला ७६.  सोनाम ७७.  हेमच्यूरी ७८.  तिरुवा ७९.  लाम्गादे ८०.  सोव ८१.  रुचाल ८२.  हर्मेल ८३.  दर्नाल ८४.  बुढाथोकी ८५.  लुहार  ८६. दुलाल

(गैरदलितसँग मिल्ने थरहरु - विश्वकर्मा):

ओली, अर्याल, कार्की, घिमिरे, रिजाल, खड्काथोकी, धमाल, चन्द, दुलाल, सिलवाल, खनाल, खपाग्ङी, खाती, गजुरेल, गिरी, गौतम, भट्ट, भट्टराई, पन्थी, पौडेल,लोहनी, थापा, शर्मा, शाह, वराल, लामिछाने, धामी, भुषाल, सिजापति, बगाले, सिंह बस्नेत, बास्कोटा, पोखरेल, तिवार, लोहनी

२. परियार जातिका थरहरु

१. सुनाम२.  नगवान३.  ब्रम्हदास ४. बर्देवा ५.  रनम्याली ६.  रनपहेली ७.  कालाथोकी ८.  छिनाल ९.  जनैदार १०.  वर्मदास ११.  सेवा १२.  दर्नाल १३.  गौरवाग १४.  तिल्क्यानी १५.  तिखत्री १६.  रुकमेली १७.  भेरीकार १८.  कालीदास १९.  घतानी २०.  हेनमाङ           २१.  सुनदास २२.  गोरखनाथ २३.  रैका २४.  वागदास २५.  गुईदेल २६.  जैरु २७.  बैज २८.  बैजाकोटी २९.  रामजाली ३०.  नेपाली  ३१.  टेलर ३२.  मास्टर ३३.  सुकुरयाल ३४.  कोटान्जली ३५.  कालाखाती ३६.  पाचकोटी ३७.  देउकाडी ३८.  नागरी ३९.  आउजी ४०.  सिलाल ४१.  गजमेयर ४२.  बागचन्द ४३.  नगवाग ४४.  दर्जी ४५.  सुपयाल ४६.  भित्रकोटी ४७.  मित्रकोटी ४८.  सिवा ४९.  भेटेसिवा ५०.  सेन ५१.  सिलाधर ५२.  विटालु ५३.  कोखरे-कुखरे सिवा ५४.  कटवाल ५५.  नैबाग ५६.  रनपौली ५७.  मुडले ५८.  बुडाप्रीथी ५९. सुनचेउरी ६०.  साहिसमुन्द्र ६१.  देवल ६२.  फुडके ६३.  रजवर ६४.  सुकुटयाल ६५.  नकबाध ६६.  काखरे ६७.  छिनाल ६८.  मुडलेकार्की ६९.  गौरी ७०.  बाग ७१.  त्रिखत्री ७२.  घतानी ७३.  सुकुवाट्याल ७४.  कोटानजारी ७५.  कालाखानी ७६.  सुन्दास ७७.  साइतपाच ७८.  चित्रकार ७९.  सिल्पकार ८०.  बैकपी ८२. श्रमिक ८३.  रणपहेली ८४.  ठटाल ८५. हंसमुखे ८६.  श्री ८७.  खाती ८८.  चण्डुचार ८९.  दनोल ९०.  नगर्ची ९१.  ढ्याकी ९२.  कढैवरी ९३.  रचना ९४.  दकास ९५.  मोत ९६.  दास ९७.  लाखे ९८.  रनवेहली ९९.  चाहार १००.  चुडाल १०१.  बाग्धास १०२.  रजवास १०३.  लाप्रे १०४.  नेगी १०५.  माले १०६.  कनाल १०७.  करुवाल १०८.  माल्बोक १०९.  पट्टेली ११०.  वास्ताकोटी १११.  राजगाइ ११२.  घलेख ११३.  हुड्के ११४.  र् याइझ्यार ११५.  याग्ने ११६.  सुँगुरे ११७.  कार्कीडोली ११८.  स्यावा ११९.  बैजनाथ १२०.  मौले पाँचकुरी १२१.  सुतार १२२.  मिस्त्रीकोटी १२३.  डैणे १२४.  कोटााजरी १२५.  सिलाजोशी १२६.  रैकाआउजी १२७.  धगाले १२८.  रैकाई १२९. सिं १३०.  देउगाडी १३१.  आवीखोली १३२.  साउके १३३.  नागरी १३४.  पाल्पाली १३५.  सुन्दार १३६.  गोठामे १३७.  हुणे १३८. शाही   १३९. रत्न

(गैरदलितसँग मिल्ने थरहरु - परियार):

अाचार्य, अधिकारी, कार्की, कोहराल, खाती, खनाल, खतिवडा, गौतम, घले, बराल, तिवार, मल्ल, जोरी, लामिछाने, गुरुङ, पन्त, ढुङ्गाना, राई, लुईटेल, भुषाल, महरा, दवाडी

५.मिजार जातिका थरहरु

मिजार - (सार्की, चर्मकार, भूल)

१. बस्याल २.  नेपाली ३. रुचाल ४.  बाह्रघरे ५.  बम्रेल ६.  छन्तेल ७.  बसेल ८.  नगरकोटी ९.  धौलाकोटी १०.  बङरेल ११. रामजाली   १२.  क्षेत्रेल १३.  बयालकोटी १४.  सत्याल १५.  ढराई १६.  देउला १७.  कालो १८.  सेतो १९.  हिताङ २०.  पहाडी २१.  मजरकोटी २२.  विसुङ्खे २३.  टोटलाङ्गी २४.  तोसाली २५.  क्षेत्रयाल २६.  बंग्रेल २७.  बंजाडे २८.  सामत २९.  मिजार ३०.  चर्मकार ३१.  भूल        ३२. मयार ३३. सेठी ३४. सेही ३५. विसंके ३६. रुचाल ३७. एस।sे ३८. सि।sे। ३९.  रम्तेल ४०.  मग्राती ४१.  भियाल ४२. बैलकोटी ४३. रोका ४४. बौडेल ४५.  ठडोर ४६. अच्छामी ४७. दुलाल ४८. तोलाङ्गे ४९. पुरकोटी ५०. कोल्हाल ५१. गौरीपाल ५२. परली        ५३. पिपलबोटे ५४. कुल्चीयार ५५.  संग्राम ५६.  रोक्का ५७.  मुंदेल ५८.  श्रीवास्तव ५९.  खरिबोटे ६०.  मोटे ६१.  तोलाङ्गीसुयल       ६२. खिलुङ्गे ६३.  पुलामी ६४.  रोइलाहिताङ ६५.  सेजवाल ६६.  संयल ६७.  दाउलाकोरी ६८.  चुडाल ६९.  मूहल ७१. लमजेल ७२. मजावरी ७३.  घिताङ्ग ७४.  श्रीपाली ७५.  सिरौते ७६.  पाएली ७७.  भिपाल ७८.  थाक ७९. दावे ८०.  मिजार ८२.  बलकोटी          ८३.  तोलाङ्गे ८४.  धुरमग्राती ८५. कालामग्राती ८६.  काला  ८७. उपरकोटी  ८८.  तोलाङ्गी ८९.  पर्कोटी ९०.  विमुन्खे ९१.  रैकाल ९२. रोकापा ९३.  गैरी ९४.  श्रीमाल ९५.  रोक्काशाही ९६.  सुराना  ९७. महरा

(मिजार जातिका गैर दलितसंग मिल्ने थरहरु):-

गोतामे, हमाल, नेपाल, राठौर,  रिमाल,  सिंह,  खड्की,  बुढाथोकी,  सापकोटा,  न्यौपाने,  पौडेल, आचार्य, थपलिया, अधिकारी,  पोखरेल,  खतिवडा,  उप्रेती,  गिरी,  दाहाल,  चन्द,  लम्साल,  कोइराला,  मगर,  ठगुन्ना ।

आचार्य, कोईराला, राठाले, खतिवडा, गौतम, बोहोरा, बोगटी, थापा, चन्द्र, लम्साल, मगर, ठगुना, देेउलापाती, रामजाली, सत्याल, बस्याल, मरासिनी,पहाडी, पुलमी, घिमिरे, बन्जेडे, रोक्कशाही,


४. वादी जातिका थरहरु
१. दास २.  राना ३. वादी ४. भाँड ५. हुँड्के धिताल ६.  लेकाली ७.  पहाडी ८.  कश्यप ९.  चन्द १०.  छिलेल ११.  जोगी राजयोग १२. छिलाल १३.  शिह १४.  वैश्य १५.  नगर्ची १६.  खाती १७.  छिन्वयाल १८.  वसेल १९.  गौतम २०.  नेपाल २१.  लेकाली २२.  मगर २३. वध्यकार २४.  बाठा २५.  नेपाली २६.  छिनाल २७.  वाहय २८.  कालीयान २९.  बैकार ३०.  पौडेल ३१.  दुमार्की ३२. पोखरेल ३३. सिमाल ३४.  जुम्लेली ३५.  हरिथंगा ३६.  केसरी ३७.  खनौटे ३८.  बोरेसाहाँ

५. गन्धर्व जातिका थरहरु

१. गाइने २. गान्धारी ३. गायक ४. बैगार ५. गायन ६. कालोपौडेल ७. जोगी ८. कालाकौसी ९. सूर १०. तुर्की ११. बोगरी १२. भूषाल     १३. कालिचन १४. सुरसमान १५. मेघनाथ १६. भाट १७. रसाइली १८. कालाशाह

कलर जातिका थरहरु    
सरवरिया, विकाउ

ककैहिया जातिका थरहरु
राय

कोरी जातिका थरहरु
कुरील, गौतम, भारती

खटिक जातिका थरहरु
कोली, सोनकर

खत्वे जातिका थरहरु (मडंल, खङग)
शर्मा, धानुक, बेल्दार, मण्डल

चमार जातीका थरहरु (राम, मोची, हरीजन, रविदास)
रैदास, महरा

चिडियामार जातिका थरहरु
सरनेरीया, सरनरिया, करौरीया, यादव, नट, बखु

डोम जातिका थरहरु
मल्लीक, मल्लि, महिल, गुसराम

तत्मा जातिका थरहरु ( ताँती, दास)
मण्डल, महरा, पात, बनौजिया

दुसाध जातिका थरहरु (पासवान, हजारा)
दुसाद, हजारी, पासमान

धोवी जातिका थरहरु (रजक, हिन्दु)
पथिक, कनौजिया, आर्या, पत्थरकट्टा, मगता, माहुत, कुशवडिया, मंगी, वाल्मीकि, शाकी, रमन, धावी, साफी, वैठ्ठा, निर्मलकार, रत्ना, बेठा, मेहता, मधैया, आर्य, मधेसीया, दास, राजधोव, कनेजीया, धोवी, रमण, राउत, माझी, धवल, सम्धी, एसर

पासी जातिका थरहरु
सूर्या, महतो, चौधरी, गौतम, तरसुहिया

बाँतर जातिका थरहरु
सरदार, माझी, धोकेवाल, राजवंशी, ढोकेवाज, माइती

मुसहर जातिका थरहरु
सदा, ऋषिदेव, हेमराम, भदरी, माझी, तिरुहुतिया, मधैया, ढोलबाजा, कहरिँया, रिखिकुल, तिरासक

मेस्तर जातिका थरहरु
राउत, मेहतर, जम्दार, मंगी

सरभङ्ग जातिका थरहरु (सरवरीया)
सरभोर, सरभङ्ग, धामी, बाँतर, नट
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Newar people

May 14, 2013, 9:36 am
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Newar are the people native to Kathmandu valley. Their native language is "Nepal Bhasha" aka "Newari". However being the national language of Nepal "Nepali Language" is also spoken by almost all Newar people sometime as a second language and sometime as the first language. Most of Newar people believe in Hinduism and according to Hindu systems they are categorized into different caste and clans.

Newar population in Nepal is almost 1.3 million which accounts almost 5.5% of total population of Nepal. But despite of having small population, Newar people have great impact in Nepali society.

List of Newar caste and surnames:-

CasteTraditional occupationsurnames
Deo BrahmanHindu priestsRajopadhyaya
Shrestha (Chhathariya)Royal family, nobles and courtiersJoshi, Malla, Pradhananga, Pradhan, Rajbhandari, Amatya, Vaidya, Maskey, Kayastha, Rajvanshi, Patrabansh, Mathema, Lakhey,Hada, Karmacharya, Guruvacharya
Shrestha (Panchthariya)Administrators, traders and merchantsShrestha, Mulmi, Madhikarmi (Halwai), Bhaju, Kakchapati, Nyachhyon, Nagarkoti, Sivacharya, Mulmi, Madhikarmi (Halwai), Bhaju, Kakchapati, Nyachhyon, Nagarkoti, Sivacharya, etc.
GubhajuBuddhist priestsVajracharya, and Bare - Shakya, Bhikshu, Gurju
Uray, UdaasTraders and merchants, CraftsmenTuladhar, Bania, Sikarmi (Sthapit), Awa, Tamrakar, Kansakar, Sikhrakar, Sindurakar, Rajkarnikar, Halwai, SIlakar
JyapuFarmersMaharjan, Dangol, Singh, Suwal, Desar, Rajbahak, Kumhal, Prajapati, Kumah, Awale, Awal, Shilpakar, Ka:mi, Pahari
SayamiOilpressersManandhar, Sayami
KhusaPalanquin bearersTandukar
NauBarbersNapit
KauBlacksmithsNaka:mi
BhaFuneral dutiesKaranjit, Bha
GathuGardenersBammala, Mali, Malakar
TepeCultivatorsByanjankara, Tepe
PunPaintersChitrakar
DuhimCarriersPutwar, Dali
BalamiFieldworkersBalami
PuluFuneral torch bearersPulu
CipaDyersRanjitkar, Ranjit
JugiMusicians and tailorsDarshandhari, Kusle, Kapali
NayeButchers and musiciansKhadgi, Shahi
KuluDrum-makers and cobblersKulu
PodeFishermen, sweepersPode, Deola, Pujari, Nepali
ChamiSweepersChyame, Chamkhalak
HalahuluSweepersHalahulu




Newar Vs Maithili/Madheshi
In 1097 AD King Nanya Dev of Karnat dynasty established his kingdom in Mithila region (Tirahut). The center of the kingdom was Simraungadh (सिम्रौनगढ) which is now located in Bara district, South Central Nepal. 1324 AD. When the last king Harisingh Dev was defeated by Delhi Sultan Gayasudin Tuglak (ग़ियास सुद्दीन तुग़लुक़), King Hari Singh left for Kathmandu with the statue of Taleju Bhawani.  Though he died on Hariharpur Gadhi (present day Sindhuli district) is family went to Kathmandu Temples of Taleju Bhawani in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts are believed to be linked with Mithila Kingdom. Many maithili brahmins also migrated to Kathmandu valley during that period and afterwards. During centuries of their residence in Kathmandu they mixed up with the native people of the valley. Today newar brahmin caste Jha, Mishra and Bhatta are believed to be originated from Maithila.

Notable Newar people:-

Sankhadhar Sakhwa (879 AD) philanthropist, related to Nepal Sambat
Shukra Raj Shastri (1894-1941), Freedom Fighter, Martyr
Gangalal Shrestha (1919-1941), Freedom Fighter, Martyr
Dharma Bhakta Mathema (1908-1941), Freedom Fighter, Martyr
Ganesh Man Singh (1915-1997) Freedom Fighter, Leader of Nepali Congress
Pushpa Lal Shrestha (1924-1978), Founder of Communist Party of Nepal
Marich Man Shrestha (1942-2013) Ex. Prime Minister
Sahana Pradhan (1927-2014), Leader of CPN-ML, Ex. Deputy PM
Hisila Yami (b.1959), Leader, Ex. Minister

Siddhicharan Shrestha (1912-1992), Poet, aka Yug Kavi
Satya Mohan Joshi (b.1920), Scholar of history and culture
Narayan Gopal (1939-1990), Singer, aka Swar Samrat
Tara Devi (1945-2006), Singer, aka Swar Samragi
Fattehman Singh Rajbhandari, Singer
Prem Dhwaj Pradhan (b.1938), Singer
Madan Krishna Shrestha (b.1950), Actor
Shiva Shrestha, Actor
Karishma Manandhar (b.1971), Actress


See Also 



Tags: List of Newar Caste & Surnames
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Timeline of Kingdom of Nepal (unification 1768 to 2008)

March 20, 2013, 8:13 am
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This timeline includes the key events of history of Nepal from during Unification (1768) until end of monarchy (2008). This timeline also includes some world events to give the idea of timeframe. (for timeline after this click here)

Background 

1201 AD: Aridev Malla became the 1st malla king of Nepal-mandala (Kathmandu valley and around) marking the start of Malla era in central Nepal.
1206-1227 AD: rule of Genghis Khan who founded "Mongol Empire" in East & Central Asia.
1261: Araniko leading 80 Nepali artists went to China in the request of emperor Kublai khan.
1312 AD: King Ripu Malla of Khas empire of western Nepal visited Lumbini. His stone inscription near Ashoka pillar in Lumbini is still in existence.
1324 AD: Last king of Simarungarh (in South East Nepal) Harisingh Dev defeated by Gayasudin Tuglak of Delhi Sultanate. King Harisingh dev left for Nepal-mandala with family for refuge.
1380s-early 1400s: Khas empire of western Nepal started to disband which ultimately turned in to Baaise and Cahubisi kingdoms, some 45 small principalities in Karnali, Vary and Gandaki regions.
1498 AD: Vasco De Gama arrived in India from Portugal.
1559 AD: Drabya Shah became the 1st king of Principality of Gorkha (a small kingdom in Chaubisi region) establishing the "Shah house".
1564-1616 AD: life span of William Shakespeare, the greatest writer in English literature.
1612 AD: British East India Company made trade agreement with Mughal emperor Jahangir setting the first proper foothold in India.
1644-1922: Qing dynasty ruled China, also annexed Tibet into China in 1720.
1661: Jesuit Fathers Johann Grueber and Albert d'Orville reported that they reached  "Cadmendu", the capital of Nepal kingdom during their travel from Tibet to India.
1743 AD: King Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Great ascended to the throne of Principality of Gorkha.

Unification of Nepal (1744-1806) (full timeline)

1744 AD: King PN Shah started his unification process with the first attack on Nuwakot.
1768 AD: Gorkha principality conquered Kathmandu, the key state of Nepal-mandala confederation, marking the foundation of united kingdom of Nepal. King PN Shah moved his capital city from Gorkha to Kathmandu. Since this time the new united kingdom known by both name Gorkha & Nepal.

1775 AD: Pratap Singh Shah became 2nd King of Nepal after his father the great King Prithvi died.
1776 AD: USA declared independence from Great Britain.
1777 Nov: Rana Bahadur Shah became the 3rd King of Nepal at the age of 2 1/2 after his father King Pratap died.
1788-1792 AD: first Nepal-Tibet, China war. Treaty of Betrawati signed.
1799 Mar: Girbanyudda Bikram Shah became the 4th King of Nepal at the age of 1 and half as his fater Rana Bahadur (age 23) abdicated in favor of him.
1804-14 AD: Napoleon Bonaparte ruled French Empire.
1814-16: Anglo-Nepal war.
1816 Mar 4: Treaty of Sugauli signed between Nepal and East India company.
1816 Nov: Rajendra Bikram Shah became the 5th King of Nepal at the age of 3. He saw the rise and prominence of Rana dynasty during his rule.

Rana era of hereditary prime-minister-ship (1846-1951)

1817 Jun 18: Jung Bahadur Kunwar born. His mother Ganesh Kumari was the was sister of PM Mathbarsingh Thapa and niece of PM Bhimsen Thapa. His father Balnarsingh Kunwar (1783 Feb 2-1881 Dec 24) was an member of Royal court of King Rana Bahadur Shah (regin 1777 Nov 17– 1799 March 8). In 1806 Apr 25, Balnarshing killed Sher Bahadur Shah, the murderer of the King Rana Bahadur during a court in retaliation and got huge respect in the Royal court. Bala Narsingha became the Governor of Dhankuta (1828-1832), Dadedhura (1833-1835), and Jumla (1835-1837).

1835: Jung Bahadur Kuwar become Second Lieutenant in the Army.
1840: Jung Bahadur became Captain in the army.
1843 Dec 25: Mathbarsingh Thapa, maternal-uncle of JBR became Prime Minister.
1845 May 17: JBR killed own maternal uncle PM Mathbarsingh by the order of King & Queen.
1845: Jung Bahadur promoted to Major General in the Army.
1845 Sep 23: Fateh Jung Shah became Prime Minister.
1846 Sep 14: Kot massacre in Nepal. 40 people including PM Fateh Jung killed by Jung Bahadur.

1846 Sep 15: Jung Bahadur Kunwar became Prime Minister of Nepal and Commander in Chief of Nepal Army and laid the foundation of Rana dynasty in Nepal.
1847 May 12: Surendra Bikram shah became the 6th Kingof Nepal as Jung Bahadur forced his father King Rajendra  to abdicate in favor of his son.
1848: Jung Bahadur got the title "Rana".
1850 Apr-1851 Feb: JBR visited Britain, France and Egypt.

1855 Apr-1856 Mar: Nepal-Tibet war. Nepal victory and Thapathali treaty signed which provisioned Tibet to pay tribute Rs.10,000 annually to Nepal.

1856 Aug 1 - 1857 May 25: Bam Bahadur Kuwar, brother of Jung Bahadur became Prime Minister of Nepal.

1856 Aug 6: JBR declared himself as the King of Lamjung & Kaski (Minor ex-kingdoms inside Nepal) and granted the title "Sri 3" symbolizing himself just under the King of Nepal "Sri 5".

1857 May 10- 1858 Nov 1: Sepoy Mutiny aka Indian Rebellion of 1857 happened which established  direct British Rule in present day India, Pakistan & Bangladesh known as British Raj ending the rule of British East India Company.

1859: JBR gave political asylum to Begum Hazrat Mahal, queen of Awadh, wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah and her 10-year-old son Birjis Qadr after the mutiny.

1860: Nepal got 4 westernmost terai districts (Banke, Bardiya, Kailali & Kanchanpur) back for helping British Raj during mutiny.
1877 Feb 25: Ranodip Singh (brother of JBR) became 2nd Rana Prime Minister.

1878: Crown Prince Trailokya, son of King Surendra, died.
1881 : Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah, son of Prince Trailokya, became the 7th Kingof Nepal.

1882 Jan: Chautariya Colonel Ambar Bikram Shah (son Chautaria Pushkar Shah) and his Gorkhali aide attempted a unsuccessful coup d'état at Teku. All of them got killed by Ranas.


1885 Nov 22: Bir Shumsher "Jung Bahadur Rana" (nephew of JBR, son of Dhir Shamsher) became 3rd Prime Minister after successful coup d'état "known as 42 sale parba" by 17 sons of Dhir Shamsher, brother of JBR and Ranodip singh. To receive legacy of Jung Bahadur Rana they used his initials "JBR" as their name suffix. Leadership of Rana dynasty came to the 2nd generation of JBR.

1889 Jul: Bir Shumsher established "Bir Hospital" in Kathmandu which now works as a one of the largest government hospital in Nepal.
1892: Bir Shamsher established "Durbar High School", the first modern school in Nepal.

1901 Mar 5:  Dev Shumsher "JBR" (4th son of Dhir Shamsher) became 4th Rana PM.
1901 May: Dev Shamsher launched "Gorkkhapatra", the first newspaper in Nepal, which now serves as the government's main publication.

1901 Jun 27: Chandra Shumsher (6th son of Dhir Shamsher) became 5th Rana PM.
1904 Apr 20: Marriage of Kaiser Shamsher JBR (s/o Chandra Shamsher JBR) and Princess Lakshmi Rajya Lakshmi Devi (d/o King Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah). Chandra Shamsher had declared her Crown Princess and heiress to the throne.

1911 Dec: King George V and Queen Mary visited south Nepal during their visit to attend Delhi Durbar of 1911.
1911 Dec 11: King Prithvi Bir Bikarm died, Tribhuvan became the King of Nepal.
1920: Chandra Shamsher banned "Sati Pratha" in Nepal.
1923 Dec 21: Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923 signed in Singha Durbar, Kathmandu. This treaty is considered as the main achievement of Rana rule. This treaty registered in League of Nations in 1925.

1929 Nov 26: Bhim Shamsher (son of Dhir Shamsher) became 6th Rana PM.

1932 Sep 1: Juddha Shumsher (son of Dhir Shamsher) became 7th Rana PM.
1934 Jan 15: 8 Richter scale earthquake hit Nepal and Bihar region of British Raj killing as many as 10,000 people. 1st Dharahara built in 1824 completely destroyed but 2nd dharahara built in 1832 survived. 2015 earthquake destroyed 2nd tower as well.
1936 (1993BS): Judda Shamsher implemented social custom to reduce hindu funeral ritual from 45 days to 13 days.

Decline of Rana Era

1939: Nepal's first political party "Nepal Prajaparishad" formed to revolt against Rana dynasty in Nepal by Tanka Prasad Acharya, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Dashrath Chand, Sukra Raj Shastri, Gangalal Shrestha, Chudaprasad Sharma, Govinda Prasad Upadhya(Poudyal), Puskar Nath Upreti, Mukunda Nath Rimal, Bal Bahadur Pandey, Druba Prasad Dawade, Fadindra Nath Satyal, Hari Krishna Shrestha, Chakra Bahadur Khatri etc.

1940 Oct: Rana government arrested almost all members of the PrajaParishad.

1941 Jan 19: Rana government declared death penalty against Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Dashrath Chand, Sukra Raj Shastri and Gangalal Shrestha and jail sentences to many members. And after this PrajaParishad was effectively dissolved.

1945 Nov 29:  Padma Shumsher (nephew of Judda Shamsher, son of Bhim Shamsher) became 8th Rana PM. Leadership of Rana dynasty came to the 3rd generation of JBR.

1946 Jan 25-26: "Nepali National Congress" was founded in Bhawanipur, India. Imprisoned Tanka Prasad Acharya (from Nepal Prajaparishad) elected as president and B. P. Koirala elected as acting-president.

1947 Jun 11: First ever election in Nepal held by Rana regime as in all 21 wards of Kathmandu municipality. Total 68,118 male above 21 years were eligible to vote.

1947 March 13: National Congress started nationwide demostration against Rana regime.

1947 March: BP Koirala & Girija P Koirala arrested while entering Nepal.

1948 Jan 16: Rana PM Padma Shamsher promulgated the first constitution of Nepal which would implement from 1948 Apr 1.

1948 Apr 30: Mohan Shamsher (son of Chandra Shamsher, cousin of Padma Shamsher) became 9th Rana PM as Padma Shamsher resigned.

1948 May 1: Mohan Shamsher banned new constitution and National Congress.

1948 Aug 4: "Nepali Democratic Congress" founded by Mahendra Bikram Shah.

1948 Nov: BP Koirala again arrested in Kathmandu.

1949 Sep 15: Communist Party of Nepal founded in Culcutta, India. This is the party which majority of 10+ present communist parties in Nepal claim origin from. Founding General secretory was Puspalal Shrestha and members were Nar Bahadur Karmacharya, Niranjan Govinda Baidhya and Narayan Bilas Joshi.

1950 Apr 9: "Nepali Congress" party founded merging Nepali National Congress and Nepali Democratic Congress parties. Martika Prasad Koirala became first president of the party.

1950 Sep 27/28: Convention of Nepali Congress.

Armed Revolution against the Rana Regime

1950 Nov 6: King Tribhuvan took refuse in the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu and Nepali Congress announced armed revolution in Nepal at the same day.

1950 Nov 7: PM Mohan Shamsher appointed Gyanendra as King.

1950 Nov 10: King Tribhuvan flown to Delhi with family.

1950 Nov 11-12: Congress's Mukti Sena captured Birgunj and established provisional government headed by Tej Bahadur Amatya.
1950 Nov 12: Mukti sena captured Udayapur Gadhi.
1950 Nov 13: Mukti sena led by KI Singh attacked Bhairabha.
1950 Nov 16: Mukti sena captured Rangeli.
1950 Nov 19: Mukti sena captured Haraicha.
1950 Nov 20: KI singh attacked Bhairaba second time. Gov forces recaptured Birgunj.
1950 Nov 24: Indian PM Nehru started mediation in the conflict.
1950 Dec 10-11: Mukti sena captured Dingla & Khotang.
1950 Dec 11: Mukti sena attacked Biratnagar and captured in Dec 23 and started provisional government in Dec 24 headed by KP Koirala.
1950 Dec 14: Mukti sena captured Jhapa.
1951 Jan 16: Nepali Congress agreed on ceasefire as requested by Nehru in Jan 10 but KI Singh continued.
1951 Feb 12: India mediated formal peace agreement between King, Rana & Nepali Congress known as "Delhi Accord".

1951 Feb 15: King Tribhuvan and major leaders of Nepali Congress returned from India after Delhi Agreement with Rana Regime. This day (Falgun 7, 2007) is/was marked as Democracy day in Nepal.

1952 Nov 20: 7th Rana PM Judda Shamsher died in Dehradun, India.
1961 Apr 11: 8th Rana PM Padma Shamsher died.
1967 Jan 6: 9th and last Rana PM Mohan Shamsher died in Banglore, India.
1939: Nepal's first political party "Nepal Prajaparishad" formed to revolt against Rana dynasty in Nepal by Tanka Prasad Acharya, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Dashrath Chand, Sukra Raj Shastri, Gangalal Shrestha, Chudaprasad Sharma, Govinda Prasad Upadhya(Poudyal), Puskar Nath Upreti, Mukunda Nath Rimal, Bal Bahadur Pandey, Druba Prasad Dawade, Fadindra Nath Satyal, Hari Krishna Shrestha, Chakra Bahadur Khatri etc.

1940 Oct: Rana government arrested almost all members of the PrajaParishad.

1941 Jan 19: Rana government declared death penalty against Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Dashrath Chand, Sukra Raj Shastri and Gangalal Shrestha and jail sentences to many members. And after this PrajaParishad was effectively dissolved.

1946 Jan 25-26: "Nepali National Congress" was founded in Bhawanipur, India. Imprisoned Tanka Prasad Acharya (from Nepal Prajaparishad) elected as president and B. P. Koirala elected as acting-president.

1947 Jun 11: First ever election in Nepal held by Rana regime as in all 21 wards of Kathmandu municipality. Total 68,118 male above 21 years were eligible to vote.

1947 March 13: National Congress started nationwide demostration against Rana regime.

1947 March: BP Koirala & Girija P Koirala arrested while entering Nepal.

1948 Jan 16: Rana PM Padma Shamsher promulgated the first constitution of Nepal which would implement from 1948 Apr 1.

1948 Apr 30: Mohan Shamsher became new Rana PM as Padma Shamsher resigned.

1948 May 1: Mohan Shamsher banned new constitution and National Congress.

1948 Aug 4: "Nepali Democratic Congress" founded by Mahendra Bikram Shah.

1948 Nov: BP Koirala again arrested in Kathmandu.

1949 Sep 15: Communist Party of Nepal founded in Culcutta, India. This is the party which majority of 10+ present communist parties in Nepal claim origin from. Founding General secretory was Puspalal Shrestha and members were Nar Bahadur Karmacharya, Niranjan Govinda Baidhya and Narayan Bilas Joshi.

1950 Apr 9: "Nepali Congress" party founded merging Nepali National Congress and Nepali Democratic Congress parties. Martika Prasad Koirala became first president of the party.

1950 Sep 27/28: Convention of Nepali Congress.

1950 Nov 6: King Tribhuvan took refuse in the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu and Nepali Congress announced armed revolution in Nepal.

1950 Nov 7: PM Mohan Shamsher appointed Gyanendra as King.

1950 Nov 10: King Tribhuvan flown to Delhi with family.

1950 Nov 11-12: Congress's Mukti Sena captured Birgunj and established provisional government headed by Tej Bahadur Amatya.
1950 Nov 12: Mukti sena captured Udayapur Gadhi.
1950 Nov 13: Mukti sena led by KI Singh attacked Bhairabha.
1950 Nov 16: Mukti sena captured Rangeli.
1950 Nov 19: Mukti sena captured Haraicha.
1950 Nov 20: KI singh attacked Bhairaba second time. Gov forces recaptured Birgunj.
1950 Nov 24: Indian PM Nehru started mediation in the conflict.
1950 Dec 10-11: Mukti sena captured Dingla & Khotang.
1950 Dec 11: Mukti sena attacked Biratnagar and captured in Dec 23 and started provisional governemt in Dec 24 headed by KP Koirala.
1950 Dec 14: Mukti sena captured Jhapa.

1951 Jan 16: Nepali Congress agreed on ceasefire as requested by Nehru in Jan 10 but KI Singh continued.

1951 Feb 12: India mediated formal peace agreement between King, Rana & Nepali Congress known as "Delhi Accord".

1951 Feb 15: King Tribhuvan and major leaders of Nepali Congress returned from India after Delhi Agreement with Rana Regime. This day (Falgun 7, 2007) is/was marked as Democracy day in Nepal.



1951 Feb 18: Rana-Congress government formed. Mohan Shamsher continued as PM. Other ministers were: From Rana side Baber Shamsher JBR (Defence), Chudraj Shamsher (Forests), Nripa Jang Rana (Education), Yagya Bahadur Basnyat (Health) and from congress side: Subarna Shamsher (Finance), B.P. Koirala (Home), Ganesh Man Singh (Commerce and Industry), Bharatmani Sharma (Food and Agriculture) and Bhadrakali Mishra (Transport).

1951 Feb 21: Indian armed force intervened in support of the government. KI Singh and 100 rebels were captured.

1951 Apr 9: Bir Gorkha Dal led by Randhir Subba and Bharat Shamsher revolt against the new government.

1951 Apr 15 : government banned Veer Gorkha Dal.

1951 Apr 16: King Tribhuvan stripped PM Mohan Shamer from his position as supreme commander of Nepal Army.

1951 May 10-16: India mediated another negotiation between King, Rana and NC who agreed to established the 40 member advisory assembly.


1951 June 10: Rana PM Mohan shamsher formed another government with Nepali congress.

1951 Nov 6: Government fired on student protestors in Kathmandu.

1951 Nov 10: NC members resigned from the government.

1951 Nov 12: Rana PM Mohan Shamsher also resigned from the government.

1951 Nov 16: Matrika Prasad Koirala became the first commoner PM of Nepal after the end of Rana regime.

1951 Dec 14: Mohan Shumsher, Last Rana PM, went into self-imposed exile in India.

1952 Jan 22-24: Government troops suppressed a rebellion led by K. I. Singh in Kathmandu

1952 Jan 23: King Tribhuvan declared stated of emergency.

1952 Jan 25: Government banned Communist party of Nepal and Rastriya Mahasabha after Raksha Dal revolt.

1952 Feb 27: India sent 200 military personal in the name of assisting the government which stayed until 1970 Aug 18.

1952 May 26: BP Koirala became second president of the Nepali Congress Party.

1952 July 4: 40-member Advisory Assembly convened in Kathmandu.

1952 July 25: Accused of violating party principles and acting against the constitution, NC expelled PM Matrika P Koirala.

1952 Aug 6: PM MP Koirala resigned.

1952 Aug 6: PM MP Koirala resigned.

1952 July 25: Accused of violating party principles and acting against the constitution, NC expelled PM Matrika P Koirala.

1952 July 4: 40-member Advisory Assembly convened in Kathmandu.

1952 May 26: BP Koirala became second president of the Nepali Congress Party.

1952 Feb 27: India sent 200 military personal in the name of assisting the government which stayed until 1970 Aug 18.

1952 Jan 25: Government banned Communist party of Nepal and Rastriya Mahasabha after Raksha Dal revolt.

1952 Jan 23: King Tribhuvan declared stated of emergency.

1952 Jan 22-24: Government troops suppressed a rebellion led by K. I. Singh in Kathmandu

1951 Dec 14: Mohan Shumsher, Last Rana PM, went into self-imposed exile in India.

1951 Nov 16: Matrika Prasad Koirala became the first commoner PM of Nepal after the end of Rana regime.


1952 Aug 10: King Tribhuvan took control of the government.

1952 Sep 4: King Tribhubana dissolved the Advisory Assembly.

1953 June: MP Koirala established National Democratic Party.


1953 Jun 15: Matrika Prasad Koirala became PM. (2nd term) 

1953 Sep 2: Second Kathmandu Municipal election held. Wards were reduced from 21 to 18. Sadhana devi became first elected women representative from ward no 8. Candidates of the banned CPN won some 50 percent of the vote.  Indian troops intervened in support of the government.

1954 Jan 30: First party congress of CPN held in Patan secretly while still being banned for 9 days. Manmohan Adhikari elected as the General Secretory. (link)

1954 May 28: 112-member Advisory Assembly convened in Kathmandu.

1955 Jan 10: NC launched a civil disobedience movement

1955 Jan 31: PM Koirala resined but The Royal Council of State refused to accept the resignation. King Tribhubana dissolved the Royal Council of State on February 18 and vested royal powers in Crown Prince Mahendra Bir Bikram.

1955 Mar 2: Prince Mahendra accepted the resignation of PM.

1955 Mar 13: King Tribhuvan died. King Mahendra ascended the throne of Nepal.


1955 Apr 14: Direct rule by King Mahendra removing PM Matrika P Koirala. 


1955 Jul 10: King Mahendra dissolved Advisory Assembly.

1956 Jan 24-25: Sixth National Convention of Nepali congress held in Birgunj. Subarna Shumshere elected as the President. 

1956: Political relation between China and Soviet Union started to break on the definition of Marxism-Leninism which affected CPN.

1956 Sep 28: 8th convention of CP of China. Manmohan Adhikari attended representing CPN. Keshar Jung Rayamajhi took acting-general secretary during his visit.



1956 Jan 27: Tanka Prasad Acharya as PM by the King.
1956 Apr: Ban lifted on Communist Party of Nepal.
1957 Feb 25-28: Chinese PM Zhou Enlai visited Nepal
1957 May 23: BP Koirala elected as the president of Nepali Congress.
1957 Jul 13: Tanka Prasad Acharya resigned as PM.


1957 Jul 27: Dr. KI Singh as PM by the King.

1957 Aug 9: NC, NNC, and PP formed the Democratic Front (DF).

1957 Sep 30: government announced the postponement of the national elections which were scheduled for October 8.

1957 May 28-Jun 7: Second National congress held of CPN. Soft-liner & pro-soviet Keshar Jung Rayamajhi elected as the General Secretary. Manmohan Adhikari could not attend as he was taking medical treatment in China. Mohan Bikram Singh elected as the central committee member.

1957 Nov 14: King Mahendra took direct control of the govt as KI Singh resigned as PM.

1957 Dec 7:  Democratic Front (DF) launched a civil disobedience campaign in protest of the postponement of the national elections.

1958 Feb 1: King Mahendra formed a  government composed of representatives of the DF and NC ended its civil disobedience campaign on Feb 4.


1958 May 15: Suberna Shamsher, Nepali Congress leader, appointed as PM by the King.


1959 Feb 12 (2015 Falgun 1 B.S.): King Mahendra promulgated the new constitution which had provisioned 109-member lower house and 36-member upper house.

1959 Feb 18-Apr 3: First ever democratic election for parliament held in Nepal. Nepali Congress became the largest party winning over 2/3 seats (74 among total 109). (see elected members)

1959 Mar 30: The 14th Dalai Lama entered India from North east and established government of Tibet in exile in Apr 28 in Dharmasala, India (west of Nepal).

1959 May 4: Suberna Shamsher resigned as PM.

1959 May 27: BP Koirala became first elected Prime Minister of Nepal.

1960 Apr 27-30: King Mahendra visited USA & Canada. (link) Addressed US congress in Apr 28.

1960 May 7-13: Seventh National Convention of Nepali Congress held at Kathmandu. Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala as president.

1960 Sep 22: PM Koirala visited USA to attend UN general assembly.
1960: USSR President Marshal Voroshilov visited Nepal
1960: Chinese PM Zhou En-lai visited Nepal for second time.



1960 Dec 15 (B.S. 2017 Poush 1): King Mahendra dissolved the parliament, suspended the constitution, and imprisoned the PM BP Koirala and other leaders.

1960 Dec 26: King Mahendra appointed a council of 5 ministers to help run the administration. Tulsi Giri as PM (1st term)
1961 Jan: UK Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip visited Nepal.
1961 Dec: Nepali congress started armed revolution. 
1962 May (2019 Jeth BS): Election of City-panchayat, Jilla-Panchayat and Anchal-panchayat one after another.
1962 Mar 20 (2018 Chaitra 7): Gram Panchayat (local level) election in 3439 villages. 
1962 Apr 13 (B.S. 2019 Baisakh 1): King Mahendra laid the foundation stone of Mahendra Highway in Gaidakot, Nawalparasi. 
1962 Oct 20-Nov 21: Indo-China war.
1962 Nov 8: Nepali congress called off the armed insurrection and adopted peaceful means for struggle amid Indo-China war.

1962 Dec 16 (B.S. 2019 Paush 1) : King Mahendra promulgated the new Constitution of Nepal (नेपालको संविधान २०१९). The new constitution created 4-tire Panchayeti System (पञ्चायत): Village/Town Panchayat, District Panchayat, Zonal Assembly & National panchayat.



1963 Dec 23: Surya Bahadur Thapa as PM (1st term)



1964 Feb 26: Tulsi Giri as PM (2nd term)
1964 Apr 13:(2021 Baisakh 1-Jeth 15): mid-term election in 3543 village panchayat.



1965 Jan 26: Surya Bahadur Thapa as PM (2nd term)
1967: Back to the Village National Campaign (Gaau Farka, गाउँ फर्क राष्ट्रिय अभियान) was implemented until 1975.
1967 Oct 30-Dec 3: King Mahendra visited USA. 
1968 Oct 30: BP Koirala and many other leaders released from the prison. BP went to India.


1969 Apr 7: Kirti Nidhi Bista as PM. (1st term)
1969: Indian PM Indira Gandhi imposed economic blockade to Nepal. Nepal asked 18 Indian Army checkposts and liaison groups be withdrawn from Nepal asap. 



1970 Apr 13: Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari as acting PM.
1970 June 18: All checkeposts of Indian army removed from Nepal.

1971: First Election of National Panchayet held.  Total 125 members; out of them 16 were appointed by the King, 90 were elected by Zonal Assemblies, 15 were elected by class organizations and 4 were elected by the collage graduates. Ram Raja Prasad Singh won from graduate seat. But as a reformist Singh was arrested before the sworn in ceremony. 
1971 Aug 26: Ram Raja Prasad Singh was given royal pardon, then he took the oath of 



1971 Apr 14: Kirti Nidhi Bista as PM (2nd term)
1971 Jun 27: Prince Dipendra, son of then Crown Prince Birendra, born
1971 Nov 1: New National Education System (राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना २०२८) implemented.  Two districts Chitwan and Kaski was selected for the first phase.

1972 Jan 31: King Mahendra died. Birendra became the new King of Nepal.

1972 Aug 24: BP Koirala started armed revolution against the Panchayati System from India.
1972 Oct: Surya Bahadur Thapa arrested.
1972-1974(BS 2028-2030): Jhapa Andolan (झापा आन्दोलन).
1973 March 4 (2029 Falgun 21): 5 leaders of Jhapa Andolan killed in Sukhani Jungle during their transfer from Chandragadhi Jail to Ilam Jail. KP Oli government declared them as martyr in 2016 March 2 after 43 years.



1973 Jul 16: Nagendra Prasad Rijal as PM
1975 Feb 24: Coronation of King Birendra. He presented the proposal to recognize Nepal as a zone of peace. Eventually recognized by 116 countries except India.
1975 April: Kingdom of Sikkim was annexed by India.



1975 Dec 1: Tulsi Giri as PM (3rd term)
2032 BS: Election of village, city and district panchayats held.
1976 June: King Birendra visited China. Chine supported Nepal's zone of peace proposal.

1976 Dec 30: (BS 2033 Paush 16) BP Koirala returned Nepal adopting Rastriya Melmilap Niti and arrested.



1977 Sep 12: Kirti Nidhi Bista as PM (3rd term).
1978 Dec 26: (2035 Push 11) CPN (ML) founded by CP Mainali, Madhab K Nepal, Ramchandra Yadav, Amrit Bohora, Jhalnath Khanal, Mukunda Neupane, Manilal Rai, Govinda Neupane, Jibraj Ashrit, Modnath Prashit, Madan Bhandari, Bamdev Gautam, Siddinath Gyawali, Netrala Abhagi, Basu Shakya etc. 


 Student Revolution of 1979/80 (छत्तिस सालको बिद्यार्थी आन्दोलन)
1979 Apr 6: Students protested against the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, former PM of Pakistan. remembered as the start of Nepali Revolution of 1979/80.
1979 Apr 23: Ascol clash between police and students. 3 students killed.
1979 Apr 27: people in Hetauda kept a Minister hostage for 10 hours. Police responded, 3 to 17 peoples died. Next day many leaders arrested. BP Koirala was kept under house arrest.
1979 May 2: King Birendra formed 5 member commission to find the solution for the unrest.
1979 May 23: King Birendra made a public declaration for a referendum with secret vote.
1979 May 30: Surya Bahadur Thapa as PM (3rd term)

1980: Namita Sunita Kanda : School girls Namita Bhandari, Sunita Bhandari and Neera Parajuli, were raped and murdered in Pokhara, Nepal. The bodies of all three girls were found in the Gandaki River. The only witness Churamani Adhikari, employee of forest dept was taken to police station but next day he was found dead, later police decleare that as suicide. The Namita-Sunita case was closed inconclusively in 2003.  (L)

1980 May 2: Referendum (२०३६ सालको जनमत संग्रह) on non-partisan panchayat system or a multiparty system. The panchayat system received a slim majority of 54.8%. Voter turnout was 66.9%.



1980 June 1: Surya Bahadur Thapa became PM (3rd term)

1981 May 9:  Second Election of National Panchayat held. Political parties were still banned. In total 140 seats 28 were appointed by King and 112 were to be independently elected. Two pre-panchayat PM also contested. Matrika Prasad Koirala lost the election where K.I. Singh won. NC (Suberna) launched 36 candidates as independents winning by 4 candidates namely Dr. K.I. Singh, Bakhan Singh Gurung, Kashi Nath Gautam and Bhagwat Yadav. PM Thapa elected from Dhankuta but 70% of the candidate unofficially supported by the state lost the election. 

1981 May/June: Chinese PM Zhao Ziyang visited Nepal
1982 May 11 (Baisakh 28-Jeth 4 2039 BS): 4022 village, 29 city and 75 districts panchayat election held.
1982 Jun 16 (Asadh 2, 2039BS): District Panchayat election held.
1982 Jul 21: BP Koirala, leader of Nepali Congress and former PM, died.



1983 Jul 12: Lokendra Bahadur Chand as PM (1st term)
1983 Dec 5-10: King Birendra visited USA. (link)
1984 March 19: Chinese President Li Xiannian visited Nepal.
1984 Oct 31: Indian PM Indira Gandhi assassinated. 
1985 May 23: Nepali congress started Civil Disobedience Movement (सत्याग्रह). More than 12000 party workers and sympathizers voluntarily went to jail for several months.
1985 June 20:  Blasts of 1985 (४२ साले बम काण्ड): series of coordinated bomb blasts occurred in Kathmandu and other cities in Nepal. 8 people incl 1 member of panchayati parliament killed. Ramraja Prasad Singh, leader of then Nepal Janabadi Morcha claimed the responsibility. Nepali Congress had to call off its disobedience movement after the blasts. 



1986 Mar 21: Nagendra Prasad Rijal as PM (2nd term)
1986: UK Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip visited Nepal
1986 May 12: Third Election of National panchayat held.  1,548 candidates ran as independents for 112 seats where as 28 were appointed by the king.



1986 Jun 15: Marich Man Singh Shrestha as PM
1987 Mar 21 & 24: (2043 Chaitra 7-10) Local election held in all 33 City & 4,015 Village Panchayats. (link)


Indian official blockade of Nepal in 1989/1990
1987 Dec: India warned Nepal not to purchase antiaircraft gun from China.
1988 March: Nepal made a deal to purchase Chinese weapons.

1988 July 22: Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi sent his foreign minister Natwar Singh to Nepal to urge not to purchase weapons again from China. King Birendra refused.
1988 Aug 21: 6.9 rector scaled earthquake hit Nepal. Over 700 killed.
1989 March 23: Nepal-India Trade and transit treaty expired. India refused to renew. Since then India officially imposed blockade in Nepal until Apr 1990.
1989 Apr, May: Nepal bought fuel from China.
1989 Oct 5: Nepali foreign minister Sailendra Kumar Upadhaya raised the issue of blockade in UN without mentioning India.
1989 Nov: Chinese PM Li Peng visited Nepal. In Kathmandu he said: "all countries, small or big, should be treated equally. Problems and disputes should be handled according to five principles of peaceful co-existence".

Revolution 1990 / People's Movement 1 (जनआन्दोलन भाग १)
1989 Sep: more than 900 Nepali Congress supporters were arrested.
1990 Jan 18: Nepali Congress called for a decisive movement for the restoration of democracy and welcomed other parties to join.
1990 Jan : seven communist parties formed a alliance to fight for democracy led by Sahana Pradhan.
1990 February 18 (Falgun 7, 2046 B.S.): Nation-wide Movement for Restoration of Democracy was started by Nepali Congress and Left front of seven Communist Parties led by CPN (ML).
1990 Apr 6: 50 pro-democracy demonstrators were killed in Kathmandu on a march to Royal Palace.
Lokendra Bahadur Chand as PM (2nd time) [13 days]

1990 Apr 6: King appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand as PM (2nd time) [13 days]

1990 Apr 8: upraising organized by Nepali Congress and Left alliance became successful, King Birendra removed the 30 years ban on political parties. Panchayat System ended.
1990 Apr 15: Panchayat System was suspended.

Key People of Panchayat

King Mahendra (1920 June 11 - 1972 Jan 31)
King Birendra (1945 Dec 29 - 2001 June 1)
BP Koirala (1914 Sep 8 - 1982 Jul 21) NC Leader
Ganeshman Singh (1915 Nov 9 - 1997 Sep 18) NC Leader
Tulsi Giri (b 1926 Sep 26 - present) PM
Kirtinidhi Bista (1927 Jan 15 - 2017 Nov 11) PM  
Nagendra Prasad Rijal  (1927 Apr 20 - 1994 Sep 23) PM
Surya Bahadur Thapa ( 1928 Mar 21- 2015 Apr 15) PM
Lokendra B Chand (1940 Feb 15 - present) PM
Marich Man Singh Shrestha (1942 Jan 1 -2013 Aug 15) PM
Ram Raja Prasad Singh (1936 - 2012 Sep 12)  key figure against Panchayati system.

Constitutional Kingdom era (1990-2002)

1990 Apr 19: Krishna Prasad Bhattarai from Nepali Congress became PM
1990 Apr: India removed the 13 months blockade in Nepal.
1990 June: PM Bhattarai visited India and met Indian PM VP Singh. India removed the blockade.


1st Krishna P Bhattarai Government (1990 Apr-1991 May)

1990 Nov 21-23: 5th SAARC summit held in Maldives. Prime minister Bhattarai represented Nepal. Before this summit King used to represent Nepal in international forum.

1990 Dec 9 (B.S. 2047 Mangsir 23): King Birendra promulgated new constitution of Nepal. (नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान, २०४७)

1990 Sep 10: New drafted constitution was submitted to the king for approval.

1990 June: Ratna Shamsher JBR became Chief of Nepal Police.

1990 June: PM Bhattarai visited India and met Indian PM VP Singh. India removed the blockade.

1990 May 30: 9-membered "Constitutional Recommondation Commission" was formed.

1990 May 7: 14 zonal commissioners (anchaladhish) were removed from the office. This office was deemed to be pro-king and anti democracy.

1990 Apr: India removed the 13 months blockade in Nepal.

1990 Apr 19 : Krishna Prasad Bhattarai from agitating party Nepali Congress became the PM leading the interim government.



1991 Feb 13-14: Indian PM Chandra Shekher visited Nepal.


1991 March: CPN (ML) and CPN (Marxist) united to form CPN (UML)


1991 May 12: First election after restoration of democracy. Nepali congress won majority (110 out of 205) seats. CPN UML got 69 seats where as future maoist party Samyukta Janamorcha became 3rd party winning 9 seats.

1991 May 15: Gadul Shamsher JBR became Chief of Nepal Army. COAS.



1st Girija Prasad Koirala Government (1991 May-1994 Nov) 3 years 6 months

1991 May 26: Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala ( गिरीजाप्रसाद कोइराला) appointed as Prime Minister of majority government. (110 NC/205 Total)

1991 June 26: Nepali congress won majority seats in Rastriya Sabha (upper house). (Total 60- indirectly elected members 50, nominated by King 10). Members: Madhab Kumar Nepal (UML, leader of opposition),

1991 Dec : Nepal-India agreed on India's access on Nepali Tanakpur Barrage on Mahakali river.

1991 Dec 21: 6th SAARC summit held in Sri Lanka. PM Koirala represented Nepal.

1992 Feb 8: RPP Thapa & RPP Chand merged to form RPP.

1992 Feb: Motilal Bohora became Chief of Nepal Police.

1992 Apr 6: General Strike by lef. wing, many shot dead.

1992 Apr 26-May 31 Local election held in all 36 municipalities and 3,995 VDCs.

1992 May 2: General strike by left wing.

1993 Jan 27-Feb 2: 5th convention of CPN UML, party adopted People's Multi-party Democracy.

1993 Mar 16: Madan Bhandari, leader of the influential 'Communist party of Nepal UML', killed in the road accident along with other leader Jeev Raj Ashrit. Only eyewitness of the scene car driver Amar Lama was killed by unidentified gunman in daylight 1:45 pm in Kirtipur in 2003 July 28.

1993 Apr 10-11: 7th SAARC summit held in Bangladesh. Again PM Koirala represented Nepal.

1993 June 29: several days anti government protest, 25 people killed so far.

1994 March 7: Koirala government survived no confidence vote at house of representative.

1994 July 10: Koirala Government lost on new no-confidence vote despite of being majority party as 36 MPs of NC voted against him. PM Girija Prasad Koirala resigned. House of representative was dissolved next day.



1994 mid-term election  


1994 Nov 15: Midterm legislative election held. Among total 205 seats CPN UML won 88 seats becoming largest party followed by Nepali Congress 83 and Rastriya Prajantra Party 20.


Man Mohan Adhikari Government (1994 Nov - 1995 Sep) 9 months

1994 Nov 30: CPN UML leader Man Mohan Adhikari (मनमोहन अधिकारी) appointed as Prime Minister of the minority government. Madhav Kumar Nepal was deputy pm, foreign and defense minister and KP Oli was home minister in this cabinet.

1994 Dec 26: Government decided to provide monthly allowance of Rs.100 to age 75 and older. This decision gave wide credit to UML for years to come.

1995 May 2-4: 8th SAARC summit held in India. Nepal PM Manmohan Adhikari represented Nepal.

1995 May 15: Dharma Palwar Singh Thapa became chief of Nepal Army. COAS.

1995 June 13: Nepali congress tabled no-confidence motion against the government which was supported by Rastriya Prajatantra Party.

1995 June 15: by the cabinet recommendation King dissolved the parliament and announced for new election.

1995 Aug 14: PM Man Mohan Adhikari survived in helicopter accident. (link)

1995 Aug 28 : Supreme Court ruled that the recommendation of Prime Minister Man Mohan Adhikary to dissolve the parliament and new re-election was unconstitutional.

1st Sher B Deuba Government (1995 Sep - 1997 Mar) 1 year 6 months


1995 Sep 12: Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba appointed as the Prime Minister leading collation government of Nepali Congress, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhawana Party.

1995 Nov: govt launched police operation code named "operation Romeo" in rolpa district to tackle future maoist insurgency.



1996 Feb 4: Maoists presented 40-point demand to Nepal government and gave the ultimatum of 17 February, 1996 to fulfill that otherwise to they would start armed struggle.

1996 Feb: Achyut Krishna Kharel became Chief of Nepal Army until March.



1996 Feb 12: Mahakali Treaty signed. Nepali PM Sher B Deuba and Indian PM P.V. Narsimha Rao signed the agreement. Nepali parliament passed the treaty by 2/3 majority with the help of Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhavana Party in the same year. (link)

1996 Feb 13 (B.S. 2052 Falgun 1): CPN (Maoist) officially launched the Civil War.
(for detail Timeline of Civil war click here)

1996 Mar: Dhurba Bahadur Pradhan became Chief of Nepal Army.



1996 March 24: Deuba government survived no-confidence.

1996 May 12: Girija Prasad Koirala elected as the president of Nepali Congress.


1996 May 17: Deuba government extended to 48 ministers.


1996 Dec: Achyut Krishna Kharel became of Chief of Nepal Police again.


1996 Dec 24: Deuba government narrowly survived no-confidence.


1997 March 6: Deuba government lost on no-confidence. PM Sher B Deuba resigned.

3rd Lokendra Bd Chand Government(1997) (1st in Democracy)

1997 March 12: RPP leader Lokendra Bahadur Chand appointed as Prime minister leading the collation government of CPN UML, RPP & NSP.


1997 May 12-14: 9th SAARC summit held in Maldives. PM Chand represented Nepal.



1997 May 17 & 26: Local election held in all  58 municipalities and 3,913 VDCs. UML won majority of local levels with 52.18% popular vote where as NC got limited to 29.83% vote.

1997 June 5: Nepal and India ratified Mahakali treaty.

1997 Sep 18: Veteran NC leader Ganesh Man Singh died at the age of 82.

1997 Oct 4: Chand government lost on no-confidence major raised by Nepali Congress by 94 against 107 among total 205. Some of his won party member voted against Chand. PM Chand resigned from the post and king accepted the resignation. (l)
4th Shurya Bd Thapa Government (1997 Oct-1998 Apr) 6 months (1st in Democracy)

1997 Oct 7: RPP leader Shurya Bahadur Thapa appointed as the Prime Minister leading the collation government with Nepali Congress.


1998 Jan 25-31: 6th general convention of CPN UML held in Nepalgunj. Manmohan Adhikari elected as President and Madhab Nepal elected as General Secretory.


1998 Feb : Thapa government survived no-confidence.


1998 Mar 5: CPN UML split on Mahakali Treaty issue. CP Mainali, Sahana Pradhan, Bamdev Gautam registered a new party named CPN ML.
2nd Girija Pradas Koirala Government (1998 Apr -1999 May) 1 year 1 month



1998 Apr 15: Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala appointed as Prime Minister as a minority government.


1998 June 29: RPP member of parliament Mirza Dilsad Beg murdered in Kathmandu.


1998: Koirala government launched "Kilo sera 2" police operation to tackle maoists.


1998 July 29-31: 10th SAARC summit held in Sri Lanka. PM Grija P Koirala represented Nepal.


1998 Dec 24: Current PM Koirala continued as Prime Minister in the new government as his party Nepali Congress got together with CPN UML and NSP to form a collation government .


1999 Apr 26: Ex.PM & UML leader Manmohan Adhikari died during election campaign.



1999 General Election   


1999 May 3 & May 17: General election held. Nepali congress got majority 111 seats among total 205 followed by CPN UML 71 and RPP (Thapa) 11.
1999 May 19: Prajjwal Shamsher JBR became Chief of Nepal Army. COAS.

2nd Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Gov  (1999 May - 2000 Mar) 10 months (Elected this time)

1999 May 31: Nepali Congress leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai appointed as Prime Minister.

1999 Sep: Pradip Shamsher JBR became Chief of Nepal Police.



2000 Jan 12: Government formed 6 member committee led by former PM Deuba to solve the maoist problem.

2000 Feb 16: almost half of Nepali Congress leaders at House of representative signed a motion of no confidence to its own party government.

2000 Mar 16: following the second motion of no-confidence by 69 members house of representative from Nepali congress, PM Bhattarai resigned before voting.

3rd Girija Prasad Koirala Government (2000 Mar - 2001 Jul)

2000 Mar 22: Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala appointed as the Prime Minister (3rd).

2000 Aug 6: Musician and Singer Prabin Gurung killed in the road accident by the Jeep allegedly driven by Prince Paras.

2000 Dec 26: rioting began over rumor of Bollywood actor Hritik Roshan.

2001: Maoist founded People's Liberation Army (PLA), Prachanda as chief

2001 Jan 4: PM Girija p Koiriala survived no-confidence motion within his party 69-44.

2001 Jan 22: First Armed Police Force (APF) ordinance issued to create a new paramilitary force by Government to deal with maoists.

2001 Feb 23: opposition disrupted the house on "GP Koirala Lauda air case" for a month.

2001 Feb 26: King Birendra visited China.



Royal Massacre of 2001  

2001 June 1 9PM: Royal Massacre occurred in Narayanhati Royal Palace killing 10 members of Royal family including the King Birendra, Queen Aishwarya, Crown Prince Dipendra (died after 3 days), Prince Nirajan, Princess Shruti.



2001 June 2 : Crown Prince Dipendra appointed as the King of Nepal while in coma.



2001 June 4 : Prince Gyanendra (brother of Birendra) appointed as the King of Nepal after the death of King Dipendra in 3 days.



2001 June 14: High level investigation committee (including then Chief Justice Keshab Prasad Upadhaya & Speaker of the house Taranath Ranabhat) confirmed that Dipendra was the killer.

2001 July: PM GP Koirala resigned.

2nd Sher B Deuba Government (2001 Jul - 2002 Oct)

2001 July 26: Nepali Congress leader Sher B Deuba appointed as Prime Minister (2nd).

2001 Sep 11: Terrorist attack in the twin tower of New York, USA.



2001 Oct 24: Government formed a new paramilitary force "Armed Police Force" to fight with Maoists.

2001 Oct 26: King Gyanendra declared Prince Paras as the Crown Prince making him next man in the line of succession.



2001 Nov 26: State of emergency was declared as the death toll from recent Maoist rebels attacks mounted. Government mobilized Nepal Army to counter Maoist rebels.



2002 Jan 4-6: Nepal hosted 11th SAARC summit. PM Deuba represented Nepal.



2002 Feb 16: CPN UML and CPN ML united again. These two parties were split in 1998.



2002 Feb 21 : Parliament extended state of emergence three more months.



2002 May 22 (BS 2059 Jeth 8): Due to disagreement over a proposed extension of emergency, King dissolved the House of Representative and ordered elections by the advice of Cabinet.

2002 Sep 22: Nepali Congress party split. PM Deuba formed his own party name Nepali Congress (Democratic).
King Gyanendra sacked deuba in 2002

2002 Oct 4 (BS 2059 Ashoj 18 Fri): King Gyanendra abolished Deuba government for being incapable, and put advertisement for new PM. Many people applied for the post of PM in Royal Palace. Political parites took the action as regression (प्रतिगमन) of history.

4th Lokendra Bahadur Chand Gov (2002 Oct - 2003 June) (appointed by King Gyanendra) 

2002 Oct 11: King appointed Lokendra B Chand as Prime minister.

2002 Dec: Shyam Bhakta Thapa became Chief of Nepal Police.



2003 Jan 25: Maoists killed APF chief Krishna Mohan Shrestha (Civil war detailed timeline)



2003 Feb 1-6: 7th Convention of CPN UML held in Janakpur.  The post of party chairman which was vacant after the death of Man Mohan Adhikari was abolished. Madhav Kumar Nepal was elected as general secretary.

2003 Apr/ May: Peace talk between Government and maoist held.

5th Surya Bahadur Thapa Gov  (2003 Jun - 2004 Jun) (appointed by King Gyanendra)



2003 Jun 5: King appointed Surya B Thapa as Prime Minister.

2003 Sep 10: Pyar Jung Thapa became Chief of Nepal Army. COAS

2003 Nov: Government initiated the concept of "Unified Command" to effectively mobilize all three security forces of Nepal under the command of Nepal Army to counter maoist. Ended July 2006.

2003 Nov 20: CPN UML leader Madhav Kumar Nepal meets CPN Maoist leaders in Lucknow, Utter Pradesh, India.

2004 Jan 4-6: 12th SAARC summit held in Pakistan. PM Surya B Thapa represented Nepal.

2004 Mar 30: Nepali maoist leader Mohan Baidhya 'Kiran' arrested from Siliguri, India. (li)

2004 Apr: Nepal joined World Trade Organization (WTO).

2004 May 7: PM Thapa resigned after massive protest of 5 party alliance. 


3rd Sher Bahadur Deuba Gov (2004 June -2005 Feb) (appointed by King Gyanendra)



2004 Jun 3: King appointed Sher B Deuba as Prime Minister. From 2002 Sep to 2007 Sep, Deuba was the president of Nepali Congress (Democratic), a split of NC.



2004 July 5: CPN UML joined 4 party cabinet led by deuba saying "regression half corrected / pratigaman aadha sachhiyo". Cabinet: NC-D 12, UML 11, NSP 1, RPP 5, 2 from the King: total 31.



2004 Aug 21: 12 Nepali killed in Iraq by terrorist.



2004 Sep 8: spice Nepal granted license to operate first private phone service in Nepal. later they operated popular brand Mero-Mobile / NCell.

2004 Dec 26: earthquake and tsunami in indian ocean killing over 2,30,000 people and badly affected Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, Malaysia and reached as far as african countries like Madagascar, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa.

Direct Rule by the King Gyanendra (2005 Feb -2006 Apr)

2005 Feb 1 (BS 2061 Magh 19): King Gyanendra again abolished the Deuba government, imposed state of emergency. Next day he fromed a new 10-member cabinet.

2005 Feb 17: King Gyanendra set up a controversial anti-corruption body.

2005 Apr 14: King Gyanendra said he was ordering municipal polls to be held by mid-April 2006. Opposition parties dismissed the king's pledge and urged a boycott of the municipal polls.


2005 Apr 30: King Gyanendra lifted a state of emergency.



Seven Party Alliance,  12 Point Agreement, 2nd People's Movement  & End of Monarchy

2005 May 8: Seven mainstream political parties agreed to form a united front to fight for a return of democracy. Maoist rebels supported the decision. 7 parties are Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, Nepali Congress (Democratic), Janamorcha Nepal, Nepal Workers and Peasant Party, Nepal Sadbhavana Party and United Left Front. Seven Parties had 194 seats (95%) in 205 seat disbanded parliament.

2005 May - 2006 Apr: Seven party alliance made several protests. (li) (li) (li)



2005 Jun 29: US suspended a shipment of M-16 rifles to Nepal to protest at King Gyanendra's takeover in February.



2005 July: Former PM Sher B Deuba sentenced to two years in prison for corruption charge. Released on February 13, 2006, after the anti-corruption body that sentenced him was outlawed.

2005 Aug 30: 11th general convention of Nepali congress party started in Lalitpur. (li)  Convention passed a resolution to remove constitutional monarchy from the party statute.

2005 Sep/ Oct: Maoist's Central Committee meeting held at Chunwang in Rukum aka "Chunwang Baithak" adopted democratic republic as new policy instead of single party people's republic.

2005 Nov 12-13: 13th SAARC summit held in Bangladesh. As the direct ruler King Gyanendra himself represented Nepal.



2005 Nov 22: 12-points agreement was signed in Delhi, India between "Seven Party alliance- SPA" and CPN-Maoist which facilitated 2nd Democracy movement in Nepal. 



2006 Feb 1: King Gyanendra pledged to hold national elections within 15 months, on the occasion of one-year anniversary of his direct rule.



2006 Feb 8: King Gyanendra held local election in 58 municipalities. All major political parties of that time NC, UML, NC-Democratic, Rastriya Janamorcha etc boycotted this election. This election declared invalid after successful 19-days people's movement.

2006 Feb 13: controversial anti-corruption body set up by King Gyanendra was dissolved, paving the way for the release of jailed ousted PM Sher Bahadur Deuba.

2006 Mar 13: Royal government offered amnesty, cash, jobs and land to communist rebels who surrender in the next three months. Some surrendered.

19-days people's movement (2006 Apr 6-24) 

2006 Apr 6: First day of general strike demanding the king to restore democracy.
2006 Apr 19: Indian PM Manmohan Singh sent Karan Singh as his special envoy to Nepal.

(watch on youtube: Link1, Link2, Link3)


2006 Apr 21: after weeks of massive protests and increasing international pressure King Gyanendra called on the seven main political parties to name a prime minister as soon as possible and vowed to return power to the people but people's movement continued. (see on youtube)
2006 Apr 24 (BS 2063 Baisakh 11): King Gyanendra reinstated disbanded parliament through message on national television shortly before midnight. (see on youtube).

4th Girija Prasad Koirala Government (2006 Apr - 2008)

2006 Apr 25: Nepali congress leader Girija P Koirala appointed as the Prime Minister (4th).

2006 Apr 28: Parliament re-convened after four years, legislators proposed a cease-fire with Maoist rebels and elections for a constitutional assembly.

2006 May 3: Cabinet declared a cease-fire with maoists and remove the "terrorist" label form them.

2006 May 11: government released key maoist leaders Matrika Yadhav and Suresh Ale Magar, dropped murder charges against them, marking the administration's first major release of militants.

2006 May 18: Parliament reduced the powers of the king, calling for him to be stripped of his legal immunity, authority over the army and exemption from paying taxes and also declared Nepal a secular state, ending its unique status as the world's only Hindu nation. Nepali press/people welcomed this as "magna carta" of Nepal.




2006 Jun 10: Parliament stripped King Gyanendra of his veto power over the legislature, parliament now need no approval of the king before signing a bill into law.

2006 Jun 16: Maoist supremo Prachanda became public in Kathmandu.

2006 Aug 9: Government and Maoists wrote separate letters to UN asking for assistance.

2006 Sep: Om Bikram Rana became Chief (IGP) of Nepal Police.

2006 Sep 9:  Lt General Rukmangat Katuwal became Chief (COAS) of Nepal Army.

2006 Sep 22: parliament passed a new law imposing tighter civilian control over the army which was considered loyal to the nation's royal family.

2006 Nov 21: "Comprehensive Peace Accord" (view in pdf) signed by government (PM Koirala) and CPN Maoist (party president Prachanda) officially ending decade long civil war.

2007 Jan 15:  Pratinidhi Sabha, the legislature of Nepal, dissolved. Last meeting of the parliament promulgated "Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007" which provisioned the outgoing parliament be replaced by a new "Interim legislature" of 330 members as agreed between Seven parties alliance and CPN Maoist. Among them 209 from Seven party alliance and parties in former parliament, 83 from CPN Maoist, and 48 from civil society. (48 later distributed 10 each for NC, CPN-UML & CPN-Maoist, 6 to NC Democratic, and 3 each to NSP Anandidevi, NWPP, Janamorcha & United Left front as decided in Jan 11, 2007)

Girija Pd Koirala as Head of State (2007 Jan 15- 2008 Jul 23)

2007 Jan 16 : Madhesh uprising started led by Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF).

2007 Jan 23: United Nations established United Missions in Nepal (UNMIN) to monitor the disarmament of Maoist rebels and the preparations for Constituent Assembly elections in 2007 by the request of both parties Nepal Government and Maoists. Ian Martin was the first head of UNMIN.

2007 Mar 21: Gaur carnage: 27 people killed in violent clash between MJF and Maoist's Madheshi Rastriya Mukti Morcha in Gaur, Hajmaniya and Mudhbaliya area.



2007 Apr 2 : Maoists joined the interim government of Girija Prasad Koirala.

2007 Apr 3-4: 14th SAARC summit held in India. PM Koirala represented Nepal.

2007 June 13: Electoral bills passed. Elections announced for Nov. 22, 2007.
2007 Aug 30: 22-point agreement between government and MJF

2007 Sep 18: Maoists quit the interim government and launched the first phase of their so called "street revolt", and threatened  to boycott the Nov 22 elections.
2007 Dec 24: Seven-Party Alliance and Maoists reached 23-point agreement to abolish the monarchy.
2007 Sep 25: Nepali Congress and its spilinter Nepali Congress (Democratic) got united.



2007 Dec 28: Interim Parliament voted to abolish Nepal's Monarchy. Out of 321 members, 270 voted for the abolition of the monarchy and 3 voted against. The rest were absent or abstained.

2007 Dec 30: Maoists rejoined Girija p Koirala government

2008 Feb 28 : 8-point agreement (८ बुँदे सहमति)  between Government and agitating "Samyukta Loktantrik Madheshi Morcha" including MJF, TMLP, Sadbhawana Party (Agreed on Nepal to be Federal democratic republic and there will be autonomous Madhesh state).

2008 Apr 10: First Constituent Assembly Election held. CPN Maoist became largest party with 229 seats among total 601 followed by Nepali Congress 115 and CPN UML 108.

2008 May 28: Constituent Assembly (CA) meeting voted to abolish Monarchy. 560 out of 564 CA members voted against the monarchy.



2008 June 11: Former King Gyanendra left his official residence Narayanhiti Royal Palace.

2008 July 21: The Constituent Assembly elected Dr Ram Baran Yadav as the First President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Sworn in at 2008 July 23. 

References:-

http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/nepal-1946-present/
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Dashnami people

April 22, 2013, 6:05 pm
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Dashnami Sanyasi (दशनामी सन्यासी) are one of the Hindu religious cultural group. One portion of Sanyasi people live in Nepal too. Literally Dash (दश) means Ten in Nepali language. Dashnami includes people having 10 last names (Surnames).

It is a Hindu monastic tradition of Ekadandi sanyasis generally associated with the 'Advaita Vedanta' tradition. They are distinct in their practices from the Saiva sanyasi (Tridandi) and from Vaisnav sanyasi. The Tridandi sanyasi continue to wear Janai (the sacred thread  accross the shoulder) after renunciation, while Ekadandi sanyasi do not. Any Hindu, irrespective of class, caste, age or gender can seek sanyas (सन्यास / Renunciation) as an Ekadandi monk under the Dasnami tradition.

Sri Adi Shankaracharya (788-820 AD) organized a part of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names to provide an organized base for the growth of Hinduism. Later on these 10 groups became 10 surnames. But today many of these branch are different and not in control of Shankara Math. Some of the branch started their own tradition and beliefs during centuries.

10 Surnames of Dasnami in are :-

Giri (गिरी) (Peak of mountain)
Puri (पुरी) (A town)
Bharathi (भारती) (the Goddess of speech)
Ban or Van (बन)   (the forest)
Tirtha (तिर्थ) (A shrine or pilgrimage)
Parvat (पर्वत) (a mountain)
Sagar (सागर) (the ocean)
Saraswati (सरस्वती) (the Goddess of learning)
Aashram (आश्रम)  (Hermitage)
Aranya (आरन्य) (forest) 


Background

Vedanta  (वेदान्त) or Utter Mimamsa is one major school of thought in Hinduism. Prasthanatrayi (प्रस्थानत्रयी),  the three basic texts of Hindu philosophy, Upanishads (उपनिषदः), Brahma Sutras (ब्रह्म सूत्र) and Bhagavad Gita (श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता) are the basis of Vedanta tradition. There are at least 10 sub-school of thoughts in Vedanta tradition, of which Advaita Vedanta is one and well known.

Adi Shankaracharya (788-820 AD) is the key figure in Advaita Vedanta tradition though it was initiated way before (before 400 AD). He systematized the works of preceding philosophers. He brought all the Vedic communities together. He synthesized and rejuvenated the doctrine of Advaita.

Adi Shankaracharya established the Dashanami Sampradaya, organizing a section of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names. Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions remained outside the organisation of the Dasanamis. He organized the Hindu monastics of these ten sects under four maṭhas (मठ). Each maṭha was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continues the Vedanta Sampradaya. All the 10 sects ware assigned to the respective different maths, though anyone of the sects could join any other different math.

1. Govardhana matha or Jagannatha Puri in the esat  (Puri, Odisha, India) WS
     - Ban (बन), Aranya (आरन्य) 
2. Dvaraka Pitha in the west (Dwarka, Gujarat, India)
     - Tirtha (तिर्थ), Aashram (आश्रम) 
3. Jyotirmath Pitha in the north (near Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India)
     - Giri (गिरी), Parvat (पर्वत), Sagar (सागर)
4. Sringeri Sharada Peetha in the south (Chikkamagalur district, Karnataka, India) WS
     - Puri (पुरी), Saraswati (सरस्वती), Bharathi (भारती)


Gotras of Dashnami

Puri, Saraswati, Bharati :Bhaveswa
Tirtha, Ashram :Adhigata
Ban, Aranya :Kashyap
Giri, Parvat, Sagar :Bhrigu


See Also

List of Gotra and Thari


External Links

dashnami.blogspot.com
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List of Gotra and Thari

January 5, 2013, 10:45 am
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Gotra is the clan system. Generally its the group of people of several generations who are the descendants  of a unbroken male line from a common male ancestor. 

At the birth, children get gotra from their father. But a girl gets transfer to her husband's gotra after her marriage. We can also see some rare examples of people changing their gotra doing some rituals. It is said that the great king of Nepal Prithibhi Narayan Shah(1723-75) went to Banaras, India and changed his Gotra from 'Bharadwaj' to 'Kasyap' to remain free from the sin of ‘Gotra Hatya’(killing of own clan) during the unification of Nepal.

It is said that there are main 8 gotras evolved from the Rishis (sages) who were mind-born sons of Bramha, one of the Hindu Trinity. They are Saptarishis (सप्तऋषि, the famous 7 sages) - Kashyapa, Atri, Vashista, Vishwamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja and the 8th is Agastya [1][2]. There are 49 established Hindu gotras today[3] all of which are itself or evolved from those earlier eight gotras. Some sources say that there are 284 khas surnames today.

Sagotri (सगोत्री) are the people having same gotra. Like other Hindu communities, in Nepal too, marriage with sagotri is socially unacceptable. But, as education, awareness and desire to reform the system increases, today we can also see many cases of marrying with sagotri fighting with the society. But there is always a debate whether marrying with sagotri is good or bad not only on traditional basis but also on scientific basis.

List of Some popular gotras and Nepali surnames belonging to it:-

Agasti (अगस्ती) : Dhungel

Angira (अंगिरा) : Joshi, Sedai, Saunak, Shahi

Atri (अत्रि) : Adhikari, Arjel/Arjyal, Bam (Raakse Thakuri), Bhatta (Pashupat), Chapagai, Gotame, Khatiwoda, Mishra, Ojha, Wosti


Aatreya (आत्रेय) : Aryal, Bhatta (Duwadi), Devkota, Dawadi, Dulal, Kalikote (Khadka), Paudel, Pokharel (Pani), Rosyara, Sharma, Sigdel, Thapa (Bagale)

Bharadwaaj (भरद्वाज) : Adhikari, Bhatta (Palyal), Chaulagai, Devkota, Jamarkattel, Lohani, Niraula, Panthi, Pandey (Kuleta), Panta, Pokharel (Dudh), Rawat, Shahi, Siwakoti / Shiwakoti, Subedi, Thami (Adhikari), Thapaliya, Upadhaya, Wagle, [Bhandari (Niraula, Suntakhane)]

Dhananjaya (धनञ्जय) : Basel/ Batsayal, Basnet, Bhusal, Budhathoki (Khulal), Dhamala, Gauripitri/ Gairipippli, Guragai, Humagai, Karki (Khulal), Khadka (Khulal), Kukurkote, Kunwar, Pangeni, Rijal, Thapa, [Bhandari (Bhusal)]

Garg (गर्ग) : Bastola, Bhatta (Lamichhane), Bhetuwal, Bhurtel, Chudal, Gajurel, Khetan, Thapa (Lamichhane), Rokaha, Rishal, Shah (Kaskeli Khand)

Gautam (गौतम) : Chanda, Bam (Thakuri), Dangal, Mahat, Pandey (Paleu), Tripathi, Tiwari

Ghrita Kaushik (घृत कौशिक)  : Baral, Karki (Sutar), Khanal, Nepal, Pandit

Kapil (कपिल) : Khati, Daani, Bohora

Kashyap (कश्यप) : Adhikari (Bhadare, Khilchine and Kaubali), Badaal, Bhatta (Kalauni, Mushyal), Bogati, Budhathoki (Sodari), Darji, Gadtaula, Gartaula, Ghimire, Hada, Kathayat, Kumal, Kumbhairana, Pade, Pandey (Badkhora, Badaal, Bhumihar, Simaaldiya), Rayamajhi, Shah (Thakuri), Sahi, Thapa (Godar), Tiwari

Kaudinya (कौण्डिन्य) : Achraya, Baskota, Bhandari (Kaala), Gaagle, Joshi, Khadka, Kharel, Marashini, Neupane, Pakurel, Paneru, Pathak, Parajuli, Sapkota, Satyal, Thapa (Bagale and Gamle), Trital

Kausalya (कौसल्य) : Pathak, Thami (Chhettri)

Kausik (कौशिक) : Bam (Chhatyal Thakuri), Baniya, Bastakoti, Bhandari (Aachhami), Bidari, Dhital, Dhungana, Gaudel, Khadka, Khapatari (Khadka, Bistha, Budhathoki and Basnet), Lamichhane, Luitel, Majhi, Pathak, Phuyal, Pudasaini, Raghubansi, Regmi, Rimal, Sanjel, Shahi (Sijapati), Tiwari, Thami

Kundin (कुण्डिन) : Trital, Banjad/ Banjade

Mandabya (माण्डव्य) : Bajagai, Bajhai, Gyawali, Katuwal, Maskey, Panthi [Bhandari (Bajgain)]

Maudagalya (मौद्गल्य) : Belkadhi, Karki (Mudula), Koirala, Kuinkel, Rume, Simkhada, Timsina/ Timilsina, Upreti

Parasar (परासर) : Dhimal (khas), Karki (Lama) , Kattel, Marhattha

Ravi (रवि) : Shah (Kalyaal Thakuri)

Sankhyayan (सङ्ख्यायन) : Pandey (Desh)

Shandilya (शाण्डिल्य) : Kafle/ Kaphle, Mahat, Pathak, Prasai, Tiwari

Upamanyu (उपमन्यु) : Bartaula, Bhatta (Duwal), Dhakal, Mainali, Pathak

Vishwamitra (विश्वमित्र) : Bhatta (Alina, Dumadi, Nirbansi, Rai and Rayal)


Vatsa (वत्स) : Bhatta (Naagar), Dahal, Dayal, Kuwar, Kharaal, Lamsal, Rana, Rupakheti

Vashishta (वशिष्ठ) : Bhandari (Thansinghe),  Bhatta (Tapleli),Bhattarai, Chalise, Dawadi, Gaire, Gamnage, Kharel, Mudabhari, Pathak, Raut, Suyal (Garthi), Suyal (Thapa), Thangsine



Gotra of Dashnami Sanyasi:-

Bhaveswa : Puri, Saraswati, Bharati
Adhigata : Tirtha, Ashram
Kashyap : Ban, Aranya
Bhrigu : Giri Parvat. Sagar


See Also:-
Note:-

- To search any surname : press Ctrl+ F (⌘+ F in Mac) and type the surname

- If u don't find any surname or gotra in the list please ask in comment.
  We will update as soon as possible.

References:-

1. (Bhagawatpuran: 08/13/0051,53)
कश्यपोSत्रिवार्सिष्ठश्च विश्वामित्रोSथ गौतम:
जमदग्निर्भरद्वाज इति सप्तर्षय: स्मृता: ।।

2. प्रवरमञ्जरीकार बोधायन |
विश्वामित्रो जमदग्निर्भरद्वाजोSथ गौतम:
अत्रिवार्सिष्ठ: कश्यप इत्येते सप्तर्षय: ।।
सप्तानामृषीणा मगस्त्याष्टमानं यदपत्यं तद्गोत्रम् |

3. गोत्र प्रवर काण्ड, गण
*भृगु : वत्स, विद, आर्ष्टिषेण, यस्क, मित्रयु, वैन्य, शुनक
*अङ्गिरा :
गौतम- आयास्य, शरद्वान, कौमण्ड, दीर्घतमा, औशनस, करेणुपाल, वामदेव
भरद्वाज - भारद्वाज, रौक्ष, गर्ग, कपि
अङ्गिरस - हरित, कण्व, रथीतर, मुद्गल, विष्णुबृध्द
*अत्रि: आत्रेय, वाद्भुतक, गविष्ठिर, मुद्गल
*विश्वमित्र: कुशिक, रोहित, रौक्ष, कामकायन, अज, अघमर्षण, पूरन, इन्द्रकौशिक, धनञ्जय, कत
*कश्यप: कश्यप, निध्रुव, रेभ, शाण्डिल
*वसिस्ठ : वसिस्ठ, कुण्डिन, उपमन्यु, परासर
*अगस्त्य: इध्मवाह, साम्भवाह, सोमवाह, यज्ञवाह
(नेपाली थर-गोत्र-प्रवर कोश : श्रीहरी रुपाखेती)

Tags:-

Kuldevi, rishis, pravaras, last names, nepali gotravali, gotras, nepalese caste, jati, lineage, know your gotra, Nepali thar gotravali, gotrabali, gotrawali, gotra and thar, casteism, nepal gotra, Graha, Aupamanyava (upamanyu), gandharvas



Exceptions in Gotra System

1. What gotra does westerners belong ?

Gotra system is popular in Hindu community. Over 85% of worlds population do not believe in Hinduism. According to Hindu belief the world is created by Bramha and all people of earth belong to the clan of any one of the mind born sons of Bramha leading the gotra. Then what gotra does other people belong ?

There are some factual solutions for this. Vishnu is all-pervading spirit of the Universe and rests in the heart of all beings. Vishnu belongs to all Gotras. So we can refer anybody who don't know gotra can be refered to "Vishnu gotra".

There is another view too. Maharishi Kashyap is considered the father of the Devs, Asurs, Nags, and all of human beings. So, since he’s the father of all people, if somebody don't know their gotra they can use "Kashyap gotra" as well.


2. When a girl get divorced, what gotra she belong ?

When a girl born she belong to father's gotra. When she gets married she is ritually transferred to husband's gotra. But when the girl gets divorced they usually divorce on social or legal term. There is no any hindu ritual special for divorce. So which gotra the girl belong after divorce, husband's gotra or father's gotra.

The solution is, though divorce is not done on ritual term, after the divorce the girl has no any right and obligation to husband. She even don't wear Sindoor or Pote or Mangalsutra which is the sign of having husband in Hindu culture. She don't use the surname of husband. So the girl goes back to her father's gotra after divorce.

3. Why some people are considered untouchable ?

All of people in this earth belong to one of the rishis. All of these rishis had equal status in terms of social acceptance. If all of the people in earth have same ancestor of same status then why some of the race are considered untouchable ?

Jatipratha or racism is the drawback of hindu society. It was actually created by some of the creepy minded people to keep their dominance on the society. Innocent people followed those rules and it developed as tradition. We should stop these bad stuffs of hindu culture. Everybody is equal in the eyes of god.

4. Is it ok to merry the person from same gotra?

This is one of the prime debate in Hindu community. Almost all communities and religions its unacceptable to merry your own family members or somebody your related by blood. Same gotra technically means people having same ancestors. So the answer absolutely depends on how you define gotra and family.

On legal term in Nepal its ok to merry any body who does not belong to your family up to 7 generations AND who is at least 18 years old. So if anybody qualifies on these two basic requirements you can merry them even if you belong to same gotra.

One the other hand, on social perception it will still be considered unethical.


As per scientific perception, if the gotra is perfectly identified and people belong to the exact same gotra what they claim for, the babies born from the pair of different gotra has more chance to be healthier than that of same gotra.

See Also:-

List of Indian Gotra
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Search

List of Indian Gotra

January 6, 2013, 8:30 am
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This is the list of surname and gotra mainly found in India. But due to the migration of Indian community during several centuries, you may find these surnames in many other countries.

1. Marwari (मारवाडी) / Agrawal (अग्रवाल) gotras :-

Its a big ethnic group (usually) found in India. Its is said that there are 18 Gotras of Agrawal community. These gotra are used as surname as well.

Airan/Aeron : Munshi, Naasikwale, Nahdiya, Rai, Saha, Sahariya, Sethpuriya, Sonaka, Bajaj, Shah etc
Bansal : Bajaj, Shah,Jaalan, JhunJhunuwala, Kejdiwal, Sisodiya, Chaudhary,Modi, Sahu, Ved, Vaid, etc.

Bindal or Vindal : Fatehpuriya, Baagla, Baarwale, Bhimsariya, Dhohtiwale, Lodha etc

Bhandal :

Dharan or Deran :

Garg or Gargeya : Chaudhary, Dalmia, Sharan, Sahu, Bhagat etc

Goyal, Goel or Goenka : Bajaj, Seth, Bhagat etc.

Goyan, Gangal :

Jindal : Nagori, Pipriwal, Saraf, Calcuttewale, Jhuriya, Pitti, Tapadiya, Turkaswale, Khemka etc

Kansal : Adukiya, Dosihala

Kuchhal, Kuchchal :

Madhukul/Mudgal :

Mangal : Harlalka, Kasera, Modi, Jajodiya, Bairati, Kandoi, Kanoi, Khemka etc.

Mittal : Kasera, Chandiwala, Gotewale, Jatiya, Koyle Wale, Shorawale, Sahu, Kandoi, Kanoi, Ghiwale etc.

Nangal/Nagal :

Singhal/Singla : Singhania etc.

Tayal : Bhimrajka, Karadwale, Patalaiya, Tikamani

Tingal/Tunghal :



2. Rajput Gotras :-



Bhardwaj : Gaud, Solanki, Vaishya

Chandarya: Chandel
Gautam: Gautam, Sengar, Rathore, Kachwaha
Kashyap : Parihar, Dixit, Jhala, Rathore, Rashuvanshi
Kaushik : Kaushik
Parasar : Bisen
Pundir: Paulsatya
Vatsa: Chauhan, Chandel
Vashishtha : Parmar, Rashuvanshi


3. Bhatia Gotras :-

Parasar: Gajaria, Panchlodia, Paleja, Gagla, Soni, Sofla, Jia, Mogia, Dhadha, Rika, Jigna, Kodhia, Radia, Kajaria, Sijiwali, Jalala, Malan, Dhewa, Dhiren, Jaiyati, Niya, Koa.
Sandalya (Saranhs) : Dutia,Dhutia,Purecha,Porecha, Jab, Babla, Sukhdi, Dhawan, Vanda, Udeshi, Vadhhuch, Belai, Dhega, Kanthia.
Bhardwaj : Haria, Padamshi, Media. Jiwa, Thula, Tambod, Lajavanta, Thakar, Bhuderia, Mota, Unegar, Sothia, Poda, Modia, Dhadhal, Devchandra, Asher.
Sudrvansh : Sapat, Chachia, Nagra, Babla, Pramla. Potha, Poddhaga. Mathura
Madhavadysavas : Ved, Suraiya, Gokulgandhi, Nayagandhi, Panchal, Farasgandhi, Paregandhi, Jujargandhi, Prema, Bibal, Powar.
Devdas : Ramaiya, Pawar, raja, Parajia, Gurugulab, Karatari, Dhadher, Kukad.
Rushivansh : Multani, Chamuja, Daiya, Karangota, Kajia


4. Marathi Surnames 
Popular:- Bhosale, Sindhe, Ambedkar,Deshmukh,Deshpande,
"Kar":- Penkar, Panvelkar, Goregaonkar, Koregaonkar, Punekar, Nagpurkar, Satarkar, Walse-Patil, Patankar, Jodhpurkar, Bangalorkar, Mangalorkar, Indorekar, Holkar, Laturkar
Lovekar, Dagadkher, Purkar, Dafalapurkar, Sutar, Kirloskar, Mali, Raikar, Kale, Gore, Pendharkar, Dalvi, Nimbalkar, Lokhande, Mankani
"e":- Gargote,Kukade, Khobragade,
Darode,Labaad, Sapre,


4. Mohyal (Hussaini Brahmins) Gotras:-

Parashar : Bali
Kaushal : Bhimwal
Bhrigu : Chhibber/Chibber
Bharadwaja : Datt
Vasishtha : Lau
Kashyap : Mohan
Dhanvantri : Vaid
Bharadwaja : Vaid


5. Kasmiri Pundit Gotras:-

Kasmiri brahmins have 199 gotras. 
Click here for the detailed list.


6. Gujjar Gotras:-

Gurjar or Gujjar is a very large ethnic group with populations in India and Pakistan. Hindu Gujjars usually belong to the kshatriya varna, but some communities are classified as Brahmin as well. Gurjars are divided in about 84 main gotras and more than 1000 offshoots.

Some Gujjar gotras/ clans.;-

Ambawata, Alpial, Adhana, Aheer/Ahir, Ajar/Bakarwal, Akshawat, Awana, Amrana, Amni, Acchvan, Auwaal, Alkari, Atala, Ambak, Ambawata, Agnikul, Aswaal, Andarwar, Aahaar, Almeecha, Andoh, Aftali, Andana, Athwaar, Atkia, Aswaar, Asya, Ahmana, Agchal, Atlana, Ahiwaal, Anjana, Amolia, Anolehra, Anta, Aana, Anandma, Ayeri, Asaria, Antu, Awaar, Amta, Amarwaal, Athwaal, Atrusi, Awanti, Aheewaal, Arwaal, Amir

Basoya/Baisoya/Besoya, Bidhuri, Bokra/Bokan, Bajarh/Bajjar, Badaankhail/Badaanzai, Baisla, Bharwal, Bhadana, Bhati, Banth, Bhamla, Bose, Barkat, Bagri, Bhatia, Banian, Basista/Bosatta, Bhalot, Bhatria, Beeten, Bhanbar, Bhasi, Bhunchh or Bhoonchh, Baharwaal, Barah, Babra, Bajran, Bokkan, Bhadak, Bhaleser, Badiyawal, Bhoken, Bajaar, Baanth, Bania (kashmir), Batt, Batar, Bala, Baisoya, Balasia, Baalsi, Baarsi, Beli, Bakkhan, Bagwar, Baswaal, Bawaar, Baddi, Banslay, Bensla, Bathoya, Baghela, Baaru, Bud Gujjar, Bar Gujjar, Barhela, Bokar, Baghaar, Babar (clan), Barbara, Baankar, Baharoj, Baanja, Balot, Behlot, Belu, Berpu, Bela, Bargu, Bandra, Bhanbla, Bhemala, Bhatia, Bhati, Bhargar, Bhosan, Bosan, Bhent, Bhulesar, Bhaarvi, Bhargot, Bhmaber (Bhamra), Bhadana, Bharoya, Bhaaru, Baaru, Bhoya, Bhumbla ( Punjab ), Bettan, Barraich, Bawla, Birana, Brora

Chhawari, Chaprana, Chaudhri, Chechi, Chandna (Chandila), Chaneja, Chhokar/Chokker/Chhoker, Chandela, Chaudhary/Choudhry/Choudhery, Chouhan, Chawda/Gujar Chapa, Chavhan, Chaman, Channanay, Chanchi, Charlay, Chohlay, Chhali, Chobra, Chanair, Chetrana, Chandar, Chandor, Chalor, Chalotia, Chalok, Chandel, Charan, Chavinda, Chodda, Chahadri, Chaap, Chanpay, Chora, Chandyala, Chohar, Chhawari, Chawara, Chhotkana, Chhaparwaal, Chhalay, Chhori, Chohan, Chappar, Chelarwal, Chhawla, Chandna

Devdhar, Daliya, Dahia, Dedha, Dedhar, Dogay Choudary, Dor, Dahima or Koli, Dargas, Daurata, Dhonchak, Doi Chaudhry, Daak, Dok, Dock, Daunk or Dagar, Dhind, Dhinda, Dharawata, Diya, Deepe, Dape, Dawde, Dharandia, Dangi, Dhangar, Dewda, Dhama, Doyla, Doila, Dhaiya or Dhahiya

Ghorsi or Gorsi, Gaj, Gajgahi, Gaigi, Gurs, Garasia, Goras, Gori, Gamti, Gardi, Gasetay, Godwana, Gosi, Gidi, Gehlat, Gahlot, Gojarwaal, Goryagor, Gargar, Gotalwaal, Gorya, Gorewaha, Gojar, Gairr, Gairathi, Gohal, Gonchal, Gogla, Goushar, Gaalgal, Gaathela, Gaanghela, Garatia, Garoryar, Geda
Gachalia, Godalia, Garla, Gochana, Gartal, Gari, Gopia, Goop, Gararr, Gola, Galeria, Gogi, Gangoh, Ghorey, Ghabela, Ghaakla, Gill, Garahwaal, Gaharwal, Gorhaal, Gehsan, Ghararr, Ghanda, Ghaghla, Gharya, Ghaagal, Garewaal, Gus, Gungal, Ghodarop, Gujjral

Harsana, Hun, Hakla, Hakum, Hathwal, Harshal

Jabarhera, Jangee, Jindar, Jat, Jatal, Jatu, Jagal, Jangal, Jangada, Jabli, Jatla

Kaangar, Karhana, Kalas, Kalsiyan, Khari, Kapasiya, Kasana, kansana, Kaira, kiani, Khatana, Kheela, Khokhar, Khepar, Kulyana, Kundwana, Karahna, Kanwar, kukaswal/kugaswal, Kataria, Karoly, Kohli/Koli (Dayama), Kaura, Khaila, Kangas, Kharol, Kalsaan, Kharra, kethwal, Kathwal (Birote)

Leva Gujar, Lohia (Lohmod), Lomwar, Lakra, Ligree, Laadi, Lohmor, Lumbar

Mirwani, Meelu, Mehlu or Mahil, Malkana, Mehar, Meed, Moheelu, Maitrak, Miyana, Mothsar
Motla(also called Mudail), Mahrane, Malik, Maal, Mashkie, Munan, Muppets, Mavi (Mawai), Mokati, Mana, Mundal

Nekadi, Nalia, Nitad, Noon/Nooniara, Nagar/Nagadi/Nagra

Parihar, Peelbaar, Padana, Pamad, Paud, Phagna, Poswal, Posdaal, Paswal/Pasval, Poraswal, Patel, Patil, Panwar, Pawar, Pawad, Panhwar, Puar, Parmar, Payale, Phambra, Phoolra, Punblay, Puswadia, Pundir, Pakhala

Raghav (Badgujar Clan)

Sangu, Sasodi, Sehar, Shukkal, Shukracharya, Sirandhna, Saradhana, Siroh, Sisodia, Suthan, Sooderpuriay, Suddhan, Shahwla, Sahumajra, sur, Sial (tribe), Sood

Tank, Tonk, Tang, Taak, Teli, Toor, Theckari, Thekaria, Thakari, Thakore, Tongar, Tanvar, Tanwar, Tomar or Tuar, Toor, Tedwa

Vaghela, Vadher, Vania, Visgorus, Virana, Vihun, Vokkan, Virdee/Virdi, Vidhuri

yadav (rajasthanis)



See Also:-

List of Gotra and Thari
Exception in Gotra System
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Ancient Nepali kingdoms

January 8, 2013, 9:28 am
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The term "Nepal" or similar other terms implying Nepal are mentioned several times in various ancient Hindu and Buddhist literatures and other sources.

Himalaya Kingdom is mentioned in purans several times. Himwat was the king of Himalaya Kingdom. His daughter Parvati later married to Lord Shiva, one of the trinity of Hinduism. But Himalaya kingdom with the same name is not mentioned in Mahabharat.

But many kingdoms of the Himalayan region is mentioned in the epic Mahabharat. Those are Parvata Kingdom, Nepa Kingdom, Kirata Kingdom, Kimpurusha Kingdom, Kinnara Kingdom, Kulinda Kingdom.

Out of these Kinnara Kingdom and Kulinda Kingdom (2nd Century BCE - 3rd Century) are considered to be in present day Himanchal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states of India respectively. About Kimpurusha Kingdom people have different views. They could either be close to Kinnar or Kirat or something different.

Parvata Kingdom was in ancient Nepal. The word parvata also sometimes used to refer Nepal as a whole. "Sage Parvata", who was a companion of "Sage Narada", was belonged to this kingdom. According to Mahabharat parvata were in Garud mititory formation made by Drona fighting from Kaurava Side (7:20).

Nepa Kingdom is also mentioned in Mahabharat. They also fought from Kaurav side.(5:74) Nepa can be assumed to be the short form for Nepal.

Kirata tribes also mentioned in Mahabharat as northen tribes, tribes beyond aryabart, mlechha. Historic fact is that, approximately same time of Mahabharat there was a Kirat dynasty ruling in Nepal. First kirat king of Nepal Yalambar is sometimes considered to be the same person who is described as Barbarik in Mahabharat.

यवनाः किराता गान्धाराश्चीनाः शबरबर्बराः |
शकास्तुषाराः कह्वाश्च पह्लवाश्चान्ध्रमद्रकाः || (12,65,13)
ओड्राः पुलिन्दा रमठाः काचा म्लेच्छाश्च सर्वशः |
ब्रह्मक्षत्रप्रसूताश्च वैश्याः शूद्राश्च मानवाः || (12,65,14)

उत्तरापथजन्मानः कीर्तयिष्यामि तानपि |
यौनकाम्बोजगान्धाराः किराता बर्बरैः सह || (12,200,40)

किराता विकृता राजन्बहवोऽसिधनुर्धराः |
म्लेच्छाश्चान्ये बहुविधाः पूर्वं विनिकृता रणे || (14,72,4)


Videha Kingdom: this kingdom has very special place in history. Its not only mentioned in Mahabharat but also in another hindu epic Ramayana. Janak (aka Videha) was king of this kingdom. Janaki (aka Sita) was his daughter. Sita later merried Ram, one of the important hindu deity. 

Mithila was the capital of Videha. City of Mithila is present day city of Janakpur in Nepal. The whole kingdom of Videha is also considered Mithila region, a region where Maithili language or culture is popular. Present day some parts of Mithila region lies in south eastern Nepal whereas rest of parts lies in northern parts of Bihar and Jharkhanda states of India.

Virata Kingdom : Pandavs had arrived to Virata Kingdom for Gupta Baas (incognito) for their 13th year of exile. The center of this kingdom is believed to be present day city of Biratnagar in south eastern Nepal.

Khasa Kingdom : this kingdom was (arguably) in western part of present day Nepal.

The Khasas along with the Tusharas, the Yavanas, the Darvabhisaras, the Daradas, the Sakas, the Kamathas, the Ramathas, the Tanganas the Andhrakas, the Pulindas, the Kiratas were mentioned as fierce prowess, the Mlecchas,  the Mountaineers tribes who fought for Duryodhana. (8,51,18-19)

उग्राश्च क्रूरकर्माणस्तुखारा यवनाः खशाः |
दार्वाभिसारा दरदाः शका रमठतङ्गणाः || (8,51,18)
अन्ध्रकाश्च पुलिन्दाश्च किराताश्चोग्रविक्रमाः |
म्लेच्छाश्च पार्वतीयाश्च सागरानूपवासिनः || (8,51,19)
(related: Khas Empire of western Nepal)

Shakya Kingdom (1750-500 BC)
Major parts of this kingdom was in south Nepal. The capital city of the Shakya Kingdom was  in present day Tilourakot, Kapilvastu district. Gautam Buddha was born here.

See Also

Barbarik/ Yalambar
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List Temples in Nepal

February 5, 2013, 7:32 am
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This is the comprehensive list of all known temples and shaktipeeths in Nepal.

List of Shiva Temples (62)

Shree Pashupatinath Temple (श्री पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर) : this is the greatest and most significant Hindu temple in the world. It is situated in the heart of city Kathmandu, and very close to the Tribhuvan Intl Airport almost within 2 miles. The temple is believed to be more than 2000 years old. It is also a UNESCO world heritage site.

Shree Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu

Kailasnath Mahadev Statue (कैलाशनाथ महादेव मुर्ति) : being of 143 ft, this is the world's tallest statue of Lord Shiva. Its situated in Sanga Hill, Bhaktapur, Nepal and almost 30 min / 20 km ride from Kathmandu city center.

Kailashnath Mahadev Statue, Bhaktapur

Doleshwor Mahadev Temple (डोलेश्वोर महादेव मन्दिर) : Its the head part of the famous Indian temple Kedarnath. Its located in Sipatole, Bhaktapur district.

Doleshwor Mahadev, Bhaktapur
Gokarna Mahadev Temple, Kathmandu (गोकर्ण महादेव मन्दिर) : Its inside Kathmandu valley almost 8 miles away from Kathmandu city center. People who lost their father visit this temple on Gokarna Aunsi, which falls around September.

Gokarna Mahadev Temple

Shiva Parvati Temple, Kathmandu (शिव पार्वती मन्दिर) : Its situated in "Kathmandu Darbar Square" in the heart of Kathmandu city. Its also known as Mahadev-Parvati Temple. Kathmandu Darbar Square including this temple is a UNESCO world heritage site.
Shiva Parvati Temple, Kathmandu Darbar Square

Gyaneshwor Mahadev Temple, Kathmandu (ज्ञानेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर,  काठमाडौँ) : It is located at Gyandhara, Kathmandu near busy city center Dillibazar.

Gyaneshwor Mahadeve Temple, Kathmandu

Santaneshwor Mahadev Temple (Bajra Barahi) (सन्तानेश्वर महादेव/ बज्र बाराही) : It is located in Jharuwarasi VDC in Lalitpur District.  It is believed that the people who do not have children, once they please Lord Shiva visiting Santaneshwor Mahadev Temple then their lap would not get barren.

Aadinath Mahadev (आदिनाथ महादेव) : Its located near Sitapaila, Kathmandu.

Yamaleshwor Mahadev Temple : It is located at Kanti Path, Kathmandu

Shree Bhuvneshwar Mahadev Temple : It is located at Layaku,  Basantapur, Kathmandu

Shree Suryamukhi Mahadev Temple : It is located at Layaku, Kathmandu

Shree Kapileshwor Mahadev : It is located at Paropakar Marga, Kathmandu

Kalmochan Mahadev Temple : It is located at Tripura Marg, Kathmandu

Dayeshwor Mahadev : It is located at Bungol Marg, Lazimpat, Kathmandu

Shree Mrityunjayeshwar Mahadev Temple : It is located at Panipokhari, Kathmandu

Govrateshwor Mahadev Temple (Luvu) (गोभ्राटेश्वर महादेव) : Its located in Luvu VDC in Lalitpur.

Ratneshwor Mahadev  : It is located at Mikhabahal, Lalitpur.

Yaksheshwor Mahadeva Temple (यक्षेस्वर महादेव मन्दिर) : Its located in Bhaktapur district.

Aananta Lingeshwor Mahadev (अनन्त लिंगेश्वर महादेव) : Its located in Gundu, Bhaktapur district.

Latalamashor Mahadev : It is located near Kailashnath Mahadev statue by Araniko highway.

Bikateshwor Mahadev Temple : It is located near Kailashnath Mahadev statue by Araniko highway.

Kapiladev Mahadev : It is located at Nangkhel VDC-6, Palanse.

Bhakteshwar Mahadev : It is located at Kirtipur-15.

Bhimmukteshwar Mandir : Its located in Kalimati, Kathmandu. This temple was built by Mathwar Sing Thapa, prime minister and relative of Bhimsen Thapa. Temple is located at the same river-side where Bhimsen's body lied dead.

Ranamukteshwar Mandir :  Its located behind Sundhara in Kathmandu. This temple was built by Bhimsen Thapa in 1827 in memory of King Rana Bahadur Shah, who was assassinated at the same place. It is constructed in Rajput style which is not found in Nepal very often.

Aashapuri Mahadev Temple : It is located in Ryale, Bhaktapur. Kailsahnath mahadev statue is in same area in north of Araniko highway. This temple is in south.

Ugreshwor Mahadev Temple : It is located at Banepa, Kavre.

Nilkantheshwor Mahadev Temple :  It is located at Dhulikhel

Gaukhureshowr Mahadev :  It is located at Resort marga, Dhulikhel

Indreshwor Mahadev Temple :  It is located at Indreshwor Rd, Panauti.

Lokeshor Mahadev Temple : It is located at Bahunbesi- Saharetar Rd, Narjamandap

Kabilash Mahadev Temple : It is located near Lokeshwor Mahadev Temple.

Jagabaijyeshwor Mahadev Temple (जग-विजयश्वर महादेव) : Its located at Trebeni ghat near BP highway.

Dolaleshwor Mahadev Temple (दोलालेश्वर महादेव) : Its located at Dolalghat, Kabhre.

Kapileshwor Mahadev Temple (कपिलेश्वर महादेव) : Its located on Araniko highway almost mid point of Kathmandu to Kodari.

Chakreswori Mahadev Than, Sangba (चक्रेश्वरी महादेव) : Its located near Gaurishankhar Conservation area.

Satyeswor Mahadev Mandir (सत्येश्वर महादेव) : It is located near Hetauda by East-West highway.

Khandeshwor Mahadev Temple (खन्डेश्वर महादेव): It is located at Ambhanjyang on Tribhuvan Rajpath near Hetauda.


State no 1 (Eastern Nepal)
Halesi Mahadev (हलेसी महादेव) : It is located in Khotang district inside the massive cave. It is popular as The Pashupatinath of the eastern Nepal. There are three mysterious caves which are believed to be the three eyes of Lord Shiva. The natural cave is estimated to be in existence since 6000 years

Halesi Mahadev, Khotang


Arjundhara Temple, Jhapa (अर्जुनधारा मन्दिर, झापा) : its in Jhapa district in south eastern Nepal. Its also considered to be the Pashupatinath of east.

Arjundhara Temple, Jhapa

Trailokyeshor Mahadev, Dhankuta (त्रैलोक्येश्वर महादेव) : Its located in Kurule Tenupa VDC, Dhankuta. 

Pashupati Mandir, Damak, Jhapa (पशुपति मन्दिर, दमक, झापा) : Its located in Damak municipality of south eastern district of Jhapa.

Nandeshwor Mahadev, Jhapa (नन्देश्वर महादेव) : It is located at Bahundangi VDC, Jhapa.

Swargapuri Mahadev Temple, Illam (स्वर्गपुरी महादेव मन्दिर, ईलाम) : It is located at Ravi, Illam.

Kiranteshwar Mahadev : It is located by Pangma - Heluwabesi Rd.

Banaskhandi Mahadev Mandir, Biratnagar (बनसखन्डी महादेव मन्दिर) : Its located at Devkota Chowk, Biratnagar, Morang.

State no 2 (South Central Nepal - Madhesh)
Jaleshwor Mahadev Temple, Mahottari (जलेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, महोत्तरी) : It is located in south eastern district of Mahottari, not too far from famous Ram Janaki Temple in Janakpurdham.

Jaleshwor Mahadev Temple

Shiva Mandir, Dhanusha (शिव मन्दिर, धनुषा) : Its situated in Janakpurdham, Dhanusha district near very famous Ramjanaki mandir on South eastern part of Nepal. Janakpurdham is linked with shiva as shiva had given his bow (pinaka) to ancestors of King Janak for safe-keeping. Bhagwan Ram incidentally break the dhanush during the swyamber with Sita.

Malegileshwori Mahadev Mandir : Its located near near Chandranigahpur (Cha'pur) by East west highway.


State no 4, 5, 6, 7 (Western Nepal)
Sidda Baba Temple, Palpa (सिद्ध बाबा मन्दिर) : It is located at the border of Palpa and Rupendehi districts near Butwal city next to the Siddartha highway on the way to Pokhara.


Sidda Baba Temple
Pandabeshwor Mahadev, Dang (पाण्डवेश्वर महादेव) : Its located in Dharapani of Dharna VDC -1, Dang district in western Nepal. World's largest Trishul (Trident, त्रिशुल) of Bhagwan Shiva is recently established in 2015 February. The height of Trishul is 55.5 feet and weight is 8,113 kg. Its made of Panchadhatu (the five metals) i.e. Gold, Silver, Copper, Brass and Iron. 
Pandabeshwor Mahadev, Dang
Gupteshwor Mahadev Cave, Pokhara (गुप्तेश्वोर महादेव गुफा) : Its located in beautiful city of Pokhara. The cave is 140 meter long in total and divided into two parts. At the end of the first part there is a Shiva Temple after 40 meters. Second part goes all the way to 100 meters. At the end which we can see the beautiful view of Davi's Fall from underground.

Gupteshwor Mahadev Cave, Pokhara

Kedareshwor Mahadev, Kaski (केदारेश्वर महादेव, कास्की): It is located at Kaski district in western Nepal.

Kedareshwor Mahadev Temple, Kaski
Dhudeshwor Mahadev : Its located at Jita, Lamjung.

Ishaneshwor Mahadev : It is located at Bhorletar near Pokhara.

Shree Karpureswor Mahadev Temple : It is located at Besisahar, Lamjung.

Bhim Bireshwor Mahadev Temple : It is located at Namjung VDC, Gorkha

Bhirgetungeshwar Mahadev Mandir : It is located at Chandi Bhanjyang

Nilkantha Mahadev Temple : It is located near Bhirgetungeshwar Mahadev Mandir.

Vidyeshwar Mahadev Mandir : It is located near Davghat.

Trinetreshwor Mahadev Temple : It is located by East-West Hwy near Tikapur.

Mugling Gupteshwor Mahadev Temple : It is located at mungling Narayangarn khand by Prithvi highway.

List of Shaktipeeths


These are the places to worship the goddess Shakti or sati. According to Shree Swasthani brata katha some parts of satidevi had fallen in Nepal during world tour of Shiva carrying her dead body. All of those places became shaktipeeth. Where as some other holy temples dedicated to Kali, durga, devi, sati or sakti (female power) are also considered shaktipeeths.

State no 3 (Kathmandu Valley and Central Nepal)

Manokamana Temple, Kathmandu
* Manokamana (मनोकामना) : This is situated in hills of Gorkha district but linked with the highway by cable car which makes the tour more enjoyable. Literally Manokamana means the fulfillment of desire. So its believed that the desire of the pilgrim will be fulfilled going there.

* Bhadrakali (भद्रकाली) : she is considered the daughter of Lord Shiva. The famous and historical Bhadrakali temple is in the heart of Kathmandu city.

* Guhyeshwari (गुय्हेश्वरी) : is also in the Kathmandu city next to famous Pashupatinath Temple. Its is believed that "holy ass" of goddess Sati was fallen here.

* Dakshinkali (दक्षिणकाली): its in Kathmandu valley almost 15 miles off city of Kathmandu.
Daksinkali Temple, Kathamndu

* Maitidevi (मैतीदेवी) : It is in the heart of Kathmandu city. The neighborhood itself is called Maitidevi because of this Temple.
Maitidevi Temple, Kathmandu
* Shobha Bhagawati (शोभा भगवती) : Its in Kathmandu river on Bisnumati River.

* Bijeshwori Temple (बिजेश्वोरी मन्दिर) : Its in Dallu, Kathmandu.

* Harati Devi Temple (हारती देवी मन्दिर): its near Bijeshwori temple and Chhauni, Kathmandu.

* Naxal Bhagawati (नक्साल भगवती ) : It is situated in Naxal, Kathmandu.

* Taleju Bhawani (तलेजु भवानी) : There are three Taleju bhawani temples in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts. This temple is linked with Mithila Kingdom of Simraungarh (1097-1324). It is said that the last King Hari Singa Dev escaped from Simraungrah to Kathmandu valley with Taleju bhawani.

* Shankata (संकटा) : Its in the heart of Kathmandu city just next to Kathmandu Darbur Square.

* Baglamukhi (बगलामुखी) : It is in Lalitpur district not too far from the Kathmandu.

* Palanchowk Bhagawati (पलान्चोक भगवती) : It is in Kavre district almost 50 miles from the Kathmandu city.

* Nala Bhagawati (नाला भगवती): It is located in Nala Ugrachandi v.d.c. in Kabhre district near Banepa city. 

State no 1 & 2 (Eastern & South Central Nepal)

* Pathivara, Taplejung (ठूली पाथिभरा) : there are two temples of the same name "Pathivara" in eastern Nepal, The northern is considered big (thulo) and southern is considered small (sano). Thulo pathibhara is in district of Taplejung on the lap of Himalaya. It is kind of hard to reach there, but still thousands of people visit there every year.

* Pathivara, Illam (सानो पाथिभरा): The Sano pathibhara temple is at Illam district, near an easily accessible Mechi highway. It is almost an hour drive from city of Birtamode, Jhapa. You have to climb almost half mile long stair to reach to the temple at the top the the hill.

Pathivara, Illam
* Dantyakali (दंत्यकाली) : It is in eastern city of Dharan. Its believed that teeth of goddess Sati was fallen here.

* Gadhimai (गढीमाई) : It is in south eartern Bara district. Widely disputed "Gadhimai Festival" is organized here in every 5 years.

* Jalpadevi (जाल्पादेवी) : This temple is situated in Chintang village almost 5 miles far from Dhankuta. The temple is also caled as Chintang devi.

* Kalinchok Bhagawati (कालिन्चोक भगवती) : It is situated in Dolakha district.

State no 4,5,6,7 (Western Nepal)

* Bindhyabasini Temple, Pokhara (बिन्ध्याबासिनी मन्दिर) : It is located at famous tourist city of Pokhara in western Nepal.

* Taal Barahi Temple, Pokhara (ताल बाराही मन्दिर) : It is located at the center of Fewa Taal at Pokhara in western Nepal.

* Akaladevi Temple, Tanahun (अकलादेवी मन्दिर, तनहुँ ) : It is near Kathmandu-Pokhara highway.

* Udipur Kalika Temple, Lamjung (उदीपुर कालिका मन्दिर) : It is situated in Udipur town of Besisahar Municipality in Lamjung district.

* Chhangchhangdi Temple, Syangja (छाँगाछाङ्दी मन्दीर, स्याङ्जा) : Its located in Syangja District Chhangchhangdi  VDC.

* Bala Tripura Sundari Temple, Dolpa (बाला त्रिपुरा सुन्दरी देवी मन्दिर) : Its located in Tripurakot VDC, Dolpa district, Karnali zone. This temple is said to be established in the year 1114. Satidevi's back was fallen here during world tour of Mahadev carrying her dead body.

* Badi Malika Temple, Bajura (बडी मालिका मन्दिर) : Its located in Bajura district. This place is said to be the Mallagiri mountain described in Swasthani brata katha were Satidevi's left shoulder was fallen.

* Daunne Devi Temple, Nawalparasi  (दाउन्ने देबी मन्दीर) : It is located Nawalparasi district by EastWest Highway.

* Maula Kalika Temple, Nawalparasi (मौलाकालिका मन्दिर): It is the temple of Goddess Kalika located at Gaindakot, Nawalparasi district.

* Kalika Temple, Bharatpur (कालिका मन्दिर, भरतपुर) : It is located in Bharatpur, Chitwan.

* Zakhadi Mai Mandir, Bharatpur (जखडी माइ मन्दीर, भरतपुर) : It is located in Bharatpur, Chitwan.

* Bageshwori Temple, Nepalgunj (बागेश्वर मन्दिर) : Its in the heart of Nepalgunj city.

* Deuti Bajyai, Banke (देउती बज्यै मन्दीर) : It is near city of Kohalpur in Banke District.


List of Krishna Temples 

Lord Krishna, Lord Rama and many other deities are considered to be the avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu in the different ages. There are several temples specially dedicated to Vishnu, Krishna, Rama in Nepal. This list is about Lord Krishna (and his consort).

Krishna Mandir of Patan (पाटनको कृष्ण मन्दिर) : Krishna Mandir of Patan is Iconic Krishna Temple in Nepal. Its located in ancient Patan Darbar Square, city of Lalitpur. The whole Darbar square including this temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Krishna Mandir of Patan, Lalitpur
Radha Krishna Temple, Pako, New Road, Kathmandu

Radha Krishna Temple, Balajutar, Kathmandu

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Motitar, Lalitpur

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Banepa

Radha Krishna Temple, Hetauda

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Birgunj

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Nijanand Dham, Rauthat


Eastern Nepal(8)

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Pokhariya, Biratnagar

Krishna Mandir, Koshi Highway, Itahari, Morang

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Pathivara Tole, Itahari, Morang

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Biratchowk, Indrapur, Morang

Krishna Pranami Mandir Dhulabari, Mechinagar, Jhapa

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Sanischare, Jhapa

Krishna Pranami Temple, Kotihom (Kankai River), Surunga, Jhapa

Radha Krishna Mandir, Damak, Jhapa


Western Nepal(2)

Krishna Pranami Mandir, Ratnanagar, Chitwan

Radha Krishna Temple, Nawalparasi


List of Vishnu Temples

Changunarayan (चाँगुनारायण): This is one of the oldest Vishnu temple in the world. This temple dates back to 325 AD during the Lichchhivi era. Its is located on the top of Changu hill of Bhaktapur district, almost 10 miles East from Kathmandu. Its one among "Char (4) Narayans of Kathmandu valley." Other three are: Bishankhu Narayan, Shesh Narayan and  Narayan than aka Budhanilkhantha which are south east, south west and north of Kathmandu respectively. Ichangu narayan is also included in this list sometimes.

Changunarayan Temple, Bhaktapur

Budhanilkantha :  This is also called the Sleeping Vishnu, or Jalakshayan Narayan. Its a stone statue of 5 meters in length lying in a reclining position inside a pond. It is believed that the statue was sculpted and brought during the reign of the 7th century monarch Vishnugupta who controlled the Kathmandu valley under the Licchavi king Bhimarjunadev. Usually the name 'Nilkantha' (the blue throat) is related to another deity Shiva. It is unknown why Budha-nilkantha was attached to Vishnu instead of Shiva. It was believed that if the King of Nepal visit this temple he would die. Following the tradition none of the Nepali Hindu kings visited this temple. Rather they made a replica of this in the Royal Palace.
Budhanilkantha Temple, Kathmandu

Shesh narayan : It is located near Pharping near Dakshinkali temple. The main temple was built in the 17th century, but the cave to the right has been a place of pilgrimage for far longer. Its one among "4 Narayans of Kathmandu valley." (काठमाडौँ उपत्यकाका चार नारायण)

Sheshnarayan, Pharping


Bishankhu Narayan : Its located near Godabari, Lalitpur. Its one among "4 Narayans of Kathmandu valley."

Char Narayan Temple / Jagannarayan : This temple was built in 1565. Its located in Patan Darbar Square, Lalitpur. 2015 Earthquake completely destroyed this temple.

Ichangu Narayan Temple : Its located at Ichangu VDC, Kathmandu about 5 kms west of Kathmandu city center.

Tilmadhav Narayan Temple : Its located at Bhaktapur district near Bhaktapur Darbar Square.

Wakupati narayan : Its located in Bhaktapur District near Tilmadhav Narayan temple.

Mani keshab narayan : It is located at Lalitpur.

Wonde Narayan : Its located at Gunkamdev marg near Kathmandu darbar square.

Muktinath : It is located in Muktinath Valley Mustang district at the foot of Himalayas. It is a sacred place both for Hindus and Buddhists.
Muktinath, Mustang


Chandannath Mandir, Jumla : Its located at Khalanga Bazar, Jumla. 


Other Narayan Temples: There are several temples in Nepal by the name of Satya Narayan or Shree Satya Narayan or Laxmi narayan etc.  These are as follows:

(1) Bansidhar Marg, Kathmandu
(2) Inside Royal Palace, Kathmandu
(3) Narayan Temple, Kabhrepalanchowk
(4) Main Road, Biratnagar
(5) Ramailo Bazar Bayarban, Morang
(6) Dharampur, Jhapa
(7) Goldhap, Jhapa
(8) Duhabi Road, Inaruwa
(9) Myanglung municipality, Terathum
(10) Bharatpur Muglin-Narayanghat road
(11) Bharatpur
(12) Gitanagar near Bharatpur
(13) Hetauda
(14) Pokhara
(15)  Dhangadhi 


Pashupatinath Temple (पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर)

It is one of the most important Hindu temple in the world. It is located in the heart of the Kathmandu city. It is enlisted by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. 
Pashupatinath, Kathmandu
Exact date of built of original Pashupatinath temple is unknown. Different claims suggests the date from 300 BC to 400 AD. The oldest claim says this temple was built by Supuspa Deva, who was born before 39 generations of King Manadeva (464-505 AD) which give approximate date of 300BC. 

Being inside the capital city Kathmandu, this temple is not only a religious site but it also plays a great role in the history of Nepal. Many scriptures, inscriptions, buildings etc can be found here built by various kings from different dynasties in the different time frames.

Its is said that the first soma King Nimisa erected the four faced linga of Pashupatinath in the year 205 AD and 5th and last Soma King Bhaskarverma (280-305 AD) got gold plated roof of the temple. Stone inscription of Lichhhivi king Jayadev II (733 AD) is in the temple. The golden roof of the temple also credited to King Shivadeva III (1099-1126 AD) of Thakuri dynasty. The 17th century malla king Bhupatindra malla rebuit the temple. 

Mahashivaratri, which falls around Feb or March, is the main festival day when around 1 million devotees visit the temple. Every Mondays especially Mondays on Shrawan Month of Hindu calendar, Teej Day (the third day after the Amavasya of Shrawan month) and Bala Chaturdashi are other important days for the temple.

Chhaya Darshan: Magh Shukla Chaturdashi

Daily Rituals are handled by the set of priests called Bhattas and Bhandaris. There are 4 Bhattas who are the main priests. Only these Bhattas are allowed to touch the shiva lingam and they are traditionally directly hired from South India. Bhandaris work as treasurers, temple caretakers, and assistant to the priest of the temple

Around the main temple of Pashupatinath there are several other small temples of various significance. The whole temple area is managed by Pashupati Area Development Trust (PADT).


108 names of Shiva: (link)
1. शिव – कल्याण स्वरूप 2. महेश्वर – मायाको अधीश्वर 3. शम्भू – आनन्द स्वरुप भएका 4. पिनाकी – पिनाक धनुष धारण गर्नुहुने 5. शशिशेखर – शिरमा चन्द्रमा धारण गर्ने 6. वामदेव – अत्यन्त सुन्दर स्वरूप भएको 7. विरूपाक्ष – डरलाग्दो आँखा भएका 8. कपर्दी – जटाजूट धारण गरेका 9. नीललोहित – नीलो र रातो रंग भएका 10. शंकर – सबैको कल्याण गर्ने 11. शूलपाणी – हातमा त्रिशूल धारण गरेका 12. खटवांगी – खाटको एक पांग्रा राख्ने 13. विष्णुवल्लभ – भगवान विष्णुको आत्मीय 14. शिपिविष्ट – सितुहामा प्रवेश गर्ने 15. अंबिकानाथ – भगवतिको पति 16. श्रीकण्ठ – सुन्दर कण्ठ भएका 17. भक्तवत्सल – भक्तहरुलाई अत्यंत स्नेह गर्ने 18. भव – संसारको रूपमा प्रकट हुने 19. शर्व – कष्टहरुको नष्ट गर्ने 20. त्रिलोकेश – तीनै लोकहरुको स्वामी 21. शितिकण्ठ – सेतो कण्ठ भएका 22. शिवाप्रिय – पार्वतीको प्रिय 23. उग्र – अत्यंत उग्र रूप भएका 24. कपाली – कपाल धारण गरेका 25. कामारी – कामदेवको सत्रु 26. अंधकारसुरसूदन – अंधक दैत्यलाई मर्ने 27. गंगाधर – गंगाजीलाई धारण गरेका 28. ललाटाक्ष – ललाटमा आँख भएका 29. कालकाल – कालको पनि काल 30. कृपानिधि – करूणाले भरपुर भएका 31. भीम – भयंकर रूप भएका 32. परशुहस्त – हातमा डमरु धारण गरेका 33. मृगपाणी – हातमा हरिणलाई धारण गरेका 34. जटाधर – जटा राखेका 35. कैलाशवासी – कैलाशको निवासी 36. कवची – कवच धारण गरेका 37. कठोर – अत्यन्त मजबूत शरीर भएका 38. त्रिपुरांतक – त्रिपुरासुरलाई मारेका 39. वृषांक – गोरुको चिह्न भएको झन्डावाला 40. वृषभारूढ़ – गोरुको सवारी गर्ने 41. भस्मोद्धूलितविग्रह – पुरै शरीरमा भस्म लगाउने 42. सामप्रिय – सामगानसंग प्रेम गर्ने 43. स्वरमयी – सातै स्वरहरुमा निवास गर्ने 44. त्रयीमूर्ति – वेदरूपी विग्रह गर्ने 45. अनीश्वर – जसको कुनै अरु मालिक छैन 46. सर्वज्ञ – सबै कुरा जानेका 47. परमात्मा – सबै आत्माहरुका आत्मा 48. सोमसूर्याग्निलोचन – चंद्र, सूर्य र अग्निरूपी आँख भएका 49. हवि – आहूति रूपी द्रव्य भएका 50. यज्ञमय – यज्ञस्वरूप भएका 51. सोम – उमा(पार्वती) सहित रूप धारण गरेका 52. पंचवक्त्र – पांचमुख भएका 53. सदाशिव – नित्य कल्याण रूप भएका 54. विश्वेश्वर – सारा विश्वको ईश्वर 55. वीरभद्र – बहादुर भएर पनि शांत रूप भएका 56. गणनाथ – गणहरुको स्वामी 57. प्रजापति – प्रजाहरुको पालन गर्ने 58. हिरण्यरेता – स्वर्ण तेज भएका 59. दुर्धुर्ष – कसैसँग पनि नडराउने 60. गिरीश – पहाड़हरुको मालिक 61. गिरिश – कैलाश पर्वतमा सुत्ने 62. अनघ – पापरहित 63. भुजंगभूषण – साँपको आभूषण लगाउने 64. भर्ग – पापीहरुलाई दण्डित गर्ने 65. गिरिधन्वा – मेरू पर्वतलाई धनुष बनाउने 66. गिरिप्रिय – पर्वत प्रेमी 67. कृत्तिवासा – गजचर्म लगाउने 68. पुराराति – पुरहारको नाश गर्ने 69. भगवान् – सर्वसमर्थ षड्ऐश्वर्य संपन्न 70. प्रमथाधिप – प्रमथगणको अधिपति 71. मृत्युंजय – मृत्युलाई जितेका 72. सूक्ष्मतनु – सूक्ष्म शरीर भएका 73. जगद्व्यापी – जगत्मा व्याप्त भएर रहने 74. जगद्गुरू – जगत्को गुरु 75. व्योमकेश – आकाशरूपी कपाल भएका 76. महासेनजनक – कार्तिकेय (कुमार) को पिता 77. चारुविक्रम – सुन्दर पराक्रमी 78. रूद्र – भक्तहरुको दुःख देखेर रुने 79. भूतपति – भूतप्रेत र पंचभूतको स्वामी 80. स्थाणु – स्पंदन रहित कूटस्थ रूप भएका 81. अहिर्बुध्न्य – कुण्डलिनीको धारण गर्ने 82. दिगम्बर – नग्न, आकाशरूपी वस्त्र लगाउने 83. अष्टमूर्ति – आठ रूप भएका 84. अनेकात्मा – अनेक रूप धारण गर्ने 85. सात्त्विक – सत्व गुण भएका 86. शुद्धविग्रह – शुद्धमूर्ति 87. शाश्वत – नित्य (सधैँ) रही रहने 88. खण्डपरशु – टुटेको हलो धारण गर्ने 89. अज – जन्मरहित 90. पाशविमोचन – बन्धनहरुबाट छुटाउने 91. मृड – सुखस्वरूप भएका 92. पशुपति – सम्पूर्ण पशुहरुको मालिक 93. देव – स्वयं प्रकाश रूप 94. महादेव – देवहरुको पनि देव 95. अव्यय – खर्च हुँदा पनि नघटने 96. हरि – विष्णुस्वरूप 97. पूषदन्तभित् – पूषा भन्ने दानवको दांत उखालेका 98. अव्यग्र – कहिलै पनि व्यथित नहुने 99. दक्षाध्वरहर – दक्षको यज्ञ को नष्ट गरेका 100. हर – पापीहरु र त़पहरु दुवै गर्नेको उद्दार गर्ने 101. भगनेत्रभिद् – भग देवता को आंखा फोडेका 102. अव्यक्त – इंद्रियहरुको अगाडि प्रकट नहुने 103. सहस्राक्ष – अनन्त आँख भएका 104. सहस्रपाद – अनन्त खुट्टा भएका 105. अपवर्गप्रद – कैवल्य मोक्ष दिने 106. अनंत – देशकालवस्तुरूपी परिछेदबाट पर रहेका 107. तारक – सबैलाई तारिदिने 108. परमेश्वर – सबै ईश्वरहरुको पनि ईश्वर


Pashupatinath is worshipped as Bhodhishatwa Awlokiteshwor (बोधिसत्व अवलोकितेश्वर) in Buddhism.
Tags:- radmukteshwor 
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history topic:-

Timeline of ancient Nepal (x - 10th century)
* Ancient Kingdoms
Timeline of medieval Nepal (11th-18th century)
* Unification (1744-1806) & King PN SHAH (1723-1775)
* Khas Empire of western Nepal (12th - 14th Century)
* Baaise, Chaubise Rajyas (14th-18th century)
* Kingdom of Simraungarh (11th century)
* Sen Kingdoms of Nepal (16th-18th century)
people and culture topic:-

Bahun, Chhettri, Sanyasi, Janajati, Newar, Dalit

List of Gotra and Thari (Nepali)
Bibliographies:-

* Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and Of the Territories Annexed to This Dominion by the House of Gorkha (1814) by Hamilton & Francis Buchanan
* Le Népal (1905) by Sylvain Lévi - Nepali version by Mr. Dilli Raj Uprety
* An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal (1793) by Col. Kirkpatrick
* The Democratic Transition in Nepal (2000) by Ramjee Parajuli
* Nepalko Prachin ra Madhyakalin Iitihaas by Prof Dr Sriramprasad Upadhaya
* Nepal Angrej yuddako 200 barsha by Dr Premshingh Basnyat
* Aba yasto Kahile Nahos by Baburam Acharya
* Online news sites like: setopati.com, onlinekhabar.com, ratopati.com, ekantipur.com, nagariknews.com, bbcnepali.com, etc
* Nepal government official sites like: nepal.gov.np, mofa.gov.np, can.gov.np
* foreign government official sites like: mea.gov.in, pmindia.gov.in, fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/
* Nepali Thar Gotra Prabar Kosh by Srihari Rupakheti
* Aarya Khaska 15000 barsha published by Madhuban Prakashan
* Nepalka Dharmik Sthalharu by Ghatraj Bhattarai
* DigitalDisk.blogspot.com by Krishna Kumar Yogi
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