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Madheshi politics in Nepal

December 17, 2015, 8:54 am
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Madheshi politics was conceived with Terai congress in 1950s, born and raised with Nepal Sadbhawana party of 1990s and reached to its height with "Madhesh agitations" led by Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF) in 2007 and Madheshi Front in 2008 and 2015.

Background

In the first government (Feb 13, 1951) after the end of Rana Dynasty there were 10 members including 1 madheshi leader Bhadrakali Mishra as he was somehow linked with Nepali congress and a madheshi as well.

9 political parties took part in the first election of Nepal in 1959 (2015 BS). Terai congress, one among them, was a geographical party focused in Terai-madhesh region of Nepal. This party was the one of splinter of the original Nepali congress party and it was led by Badananda Jha. Terai congress did not won any seat among 109 total but got 2.1% popular vote. Another party, one fraction of Nepal Prajaparishad was led by a Madheshi leader Bhadrakali Mishra. This party however won 1 seat and got 3.3% popular vote.

King Mahendra imposed Panchayati System in Dec 15, 1960 banning all political parties in Nepal. So major activities of political parties got limited in India after that. Most of the madheshi leaders were engaged with Nepali congress party.

Democratic era of 1990-2008

(In the elections of 1991, 1994, 1999 and CA elections of 2008 and 2013 several Madheshi leaders elected from Mainstream parties like Nepali Congress, CPN UML, Rastriya Prajatantra Party, UCPN Maoist and other. But the article below this is about only Madhesh-centric parties.)

Gajendra Narayan Singh, the iconic Madheshi leader, founded "Nepal Sadbhawana Party" in 1985 and remained the president of party until he died in Jan 23, 2002. This party was the first Madheshi party in modern Nepali politics after restoration of the democracy.

Democratic election held in May 12, 1991. NSP had 75 candidates in 205 constituencies and won 6 seats (4.1% popular vote) in the election.

In the general election of 1994 NSP won 3 seats and 3.49% popular votes.
Gajendra Narayan Singh won from Saptrai 2,
Anish Ansari won from Saptari 3 and
Hridayas Tripathi won from Nawalparasi 3.
In Sarlahi 2 Rajendra Mahato was defeated by Meena Pandey of Nepali congress.

In 1999 general election NSP won 5 seats with 3.22% popular votes.
Badri Mandal from Morang 7,
Rajendra Mahato from Sarlahi 2,
Mrigendra Kumar Singh Yadav from Saptrai 5,
Hridayes Tripathi from Nawalparasi 3 and
Yagyajit Shah from Rupendehi 5.
Party president Gajendra Narayan Singh was defeated in Saptari 2.

Madheshi upraising of 2007 and 2008

After the successful agitation led by an organization called "Madheshi Janadhikar Forum (MJF)" madheshi politics reached to the new height. In Aug 30, 2007 government made 22 point deal with the protesters. MJF led by Upendra Yadav leter transformed itself to the political party.

Many Madheshi leaders from Nepali Congress, Nepal Sadbhawana Party and CPN UML saw that as an opportunity. Nepali congress leader Mahanta Thakur founded his "Terai-madhesh loktantrik party" in Dec 2008. Mahendra Raya Yadav (UML), Hridayesh Tripathi (NSP), Sarbendra Nath Shukla (RPP), Anish Ansari (NSP), Ram Chandra Kushwaha (NC) etc were other founding members of TMLP.

Rajendra Mahato split from Nepal Sadbhawana Party to form his "Sadbawana Party" in sep 2007.

MJF itself split in Sep-dec 2007. Bhagyanath Gupta, Kishor Kumar Bishwash, Ram Kumar Sharma and Jitendra Sonal expelled from the original MJF and founded their own MJF-Madhesh after that.

The following constituent assembly election in Apr 2008 Madheshi parties had huge success. MJF and TMLP became 4th and 5th largest party winning 54 and 21 seats respectively among total 601 seats of the CA.

But since 2008 until the next election in 2013 all of these parties got several splits. Result of 2013 election bad for Madheshi parties.

In July 2008, Constituent Assembly elected President and Vice-President of Nepal from Madheshi community. Nepali congress candidate Ram Baran Yadav defeated another madheshi candidate Ram Raja Prasad Singh (Maoist's candidate) and became the first president of Nepal. Parmananda Jha from MJF elected as the first vice-president of Nepal.

2008 winning of CA (total 601 seats)
Madheshi Janadhikar Forum, Nepal - 54 seats
Terai Madhesh Loktantrik party - 21 seats
Sadbhawana Party - 9 seats
Nepal Sadbhawana Party (Anandidevi) - 3 seats

2013 winning of CA (total 601 seats)
Madheshi Janaadhikar Forum, Nepal (Loktantrik) - 14 (Bijaya Kumar Gachhadar)
Madheshi Janaadhikar Forum, Nepal - 10 (Upendra Yadav)
Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party - 11 (Mahanta Thakur)
Sadbhawana Party - 6 (Rajendra Mahto)
Rastriya Madhesh Samajbadi Party - 3 (Sharat Singh Bhandari)
Terai Madhesh Sadbhawana Party - 3 (Mahendra Raya Yadav)
Madeshi Janadikar Forum (Gantantrik)- 1
Sanghiya Sadhbhawana Party- 1
Madhesh Samata Party Nepal - 1

Timeline of Sadhbawana Party:-

1985 : Nepal Sadbhawana Party was established by Gajendra Narayan Singh
July 2001: NSP restructured, Gajendra Narayan (President), Badri Mandal (VP), Hrideyesh Tripathi (VP), Rajendra Mahto (Gen Secretory), Sarita Giri (Spokesperson)
Jan 23, 2002: Gajendra Narayan Singh died. Badri Prasad Mandal appointed acting chairman
Mar 2003: In the 4th convention party split. New party formed as Nepal Sadbhawana Party (Andandidevi) led by Anandidevi (widow of late Gajendra Narayan), Hridayesh Tripathi etc.
Early 2007: Badri Mandal expelled from the NSP. Laxman Lal Karn became new president.
June 2007: NSP merged with NSP (anandidevi)
Sep 2007: new NSP (anandidevi) split.  Rajendra Mahato and Laxman Lal Karna formed their own NSP (anandidevi) without Anandidevi Singh but later renamed as Sadbhawana Party.
Feb 2008: NSP (a) broke again. Khushi Lal Mandal registered his own NSP (Anandidevi) with election commission. The original NSP (anandidevi) remained with Anandidevi and Shyam Sundar Gupta.
Apr 2008 : First CA election***********
Aug 2008: Anandidevi singh was expelled from NSP (anandidevi). Shyam Sundar Gupta became new acting president.
2011: Anil Kumar Jha spilit from NSP to establish "Sanghiya Sadbhawana Party - 2011".
2015: a farction of Sadbhawana Party led by Sarita Giri and Sanghiya Sadbhawana party led by Anil jha merged together to form the new "Nepal Sadbhawana Party - 2015".

Timeline of Madheshi Janadhikar Forum:-
Jan 16, 2005: MJF started agitation with Madhesh band (general strike)
Mar 21, 2007: Gaur carnage between MJF and Maoist's Madheshi Rastriya Mukti Morcha, 27 killed
Aug 2007: MJF-Nepal made 22-points deal with the governement.
Sep-dec 2007. Bhagyanath Gupta, Kishor Kumar Bishwash, Ram Kumar Sharma and Jitendra Sonal expelled from the original MJF and founded their own MJF-Madhesh
Feb 28, 2008: United Democratic Madheshi Front (MJF, TMLP & Sadbhawana) made 8-point deal with government and stopped second madheshi agitation.
March 2008: Bijaya Kumar Gachhadar expelled from Congress and joined MJF.
Apr 2008 : First CA election************
Aug 22, 2008: MJF entered the Parchanda government. Updendra yadav became foreign minister.
June 2009: Bijaya Kumar Gachhadar split from MJF-Nepal to from future MJF-Loktantrik.
June 2012: Sharat Singh Bhandari expelled from MJF-Loktantrik. He later founded Rastriya Madhes Samajwadi Party (June 27)
Jun 2015 : MJF-N led by Upndra Yadav, the Federal Socialist Party Nepal (FSPN) and the Khas Samabeshi Party merged to form Sanghiya Samajbadi Forum. Its now 5th largest party in the parliament.

Timeline of Terai Madhesh Loktanrik party:-
Dec 2007: Mahanta Thakur (from Nepali Congress), Hridayesh Tripathi (from NSP), Sarbendra Nath Sukla (from Rastriya Prajatantra Party), Ramchandra Kushwaha (from Nepali Congress), Mahendra Raya Yadav (from CPN UML) etc founded Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party.
Apr 2008 : First CA election************
Dec 2010: party split. A new party Terai Madhesh Sadbhawana Party founded in the leadership of Mahendra Raya Yadav.

Current Madheshi Fronts (Third Madhesh agitation- 2015)

United Democratic Madheshi Front
- Sanghiya Samajbadi Forum led by Upendra Yadav (15)
- Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party led by Mahanta Thakur (11)
- Sadbhawana Party led by Rajendra Mahato (6)
- Terai Madhesh Sadbhawana Party led by Mahendra Raya Yadav (3)

Federal Democratic Front (Since sep 2, 2015)
- Rastriya Madhesh Samajwadi Party led by Sarat Singh Bhandari (3)
- MJF-Loktantrik led by Bijaya Kumar Gachhadar (14)
- MJF-Ganatantrik led by Raj Kishor Yadav (1)

Other Madheshi parties
- Sanghiya Sadbhawana Party (1)
- Madhesh Samata Party (1)
- Nepal Sadbhawana Party-2015 led by Anil Kumar Jha and Sarita Giri (0)
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King Prithvi Narayan Shah, The Great

January 26, 2016, 2:46 pm
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King Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Great (श्री ५ वडामहाराजधिराज पृथ्वीनारायण शाह) is the founder of modern Nepal. Before the unification there were more than 50 small kingdoms in present boundary of Nepal. He started the unification process from his small kingdom of Gorkha (less than 5,000 sq km) in 1744 which was carried until 1791 by his daughter-in-law Queen Rajendra Laxmi and his second son Bahadur Shah which extended Nepal all the way from Teesta River in east to Kangara in the west covering more than 250,000 sq km area in the rough himalayan terrain.

Until his death in 1775 King Prithvi had conquered almost half of the present Nepal leading most of battles by himself. Under the leadership of King Prithvi major Kingdoms like 3 kingdoms in Nepal Valley (Kathmandu, Bhadagu & Patan), Sen Kingdoms of south east (Makwanpur,  Chaudandi, Bijaypur) etc were unified in Nepal

Early age of Prithvi Narayan

King Prithvi was the 10th generation of King Drabya Shah (1559-1570), founder of Shah house in Gorkha.

His father King Narbhupal Shah had 4 queens:- Chandra Prabhawati (Khanchi), Kausalyawati (Palpa), Subhadrawati (Tanahun), Buddimati (Parwat) respectively. 

Prithvi was born in 11th Jan, 1723 as the second son of King Narabhupal. Queen Kausalyawati gave birth to him prematurely after 7 months of pregnancy. But Prithvi was raised and educated by Queen Chandra Prabhawati.

As a youth

Prithvi had multiple wives and concubines. In 15 years of as in 1738 he married Indra Kumari Devi (1726-1759), daughter of King Hemkarna Sen of Makwanpur. In Feb 1740 he married Narendra Rajya Laxmi Devi, daughter of Abhiman Singh (a Varanasi brahmin) in Gorakhpur. His successor King Pratap Singh Shah and Prince Bahadur Shah was born from Narendra Rajya Laxmi. His notable morganatic wives were Icchavati Devi and Dayavati Devi. From Icchvati Prithvi has 1 son and 4 daughters. When Prithvi died in 11th Jan 1775 his second wife and 8 concubines went Sati.

As he said in Dibyopadesh, one day he was returning from Makwanpur to Gorkha taking his wife back home through Nepal valley (Kathmandu valley as known at that time). When he saw the Nepal valley form the height of Chandragiri Hill he really liked the place and wish to be the king of all three cities in the valley.

He spend about 1 year in Bhaktapur as a royal guest having miteri (friendship) relationship with son of King Ranjit Malla of Bhaktapur.

as a King

In 1733 Gorkha King Narabhupal Shah attacked Nuwakot, a frontier town of Kathmandu Kingdom, but failed to conquer it. He got sick after that and died in 1743.

Prithvi ascended to the throne of Gorkha at the age of 20 in 3rd Apr 1743.

[under development...]

Constructions
7-story Nuwakot durbar in 1762

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Online references:-
Book references:-
  1. Giuseppe, Father (1799). Account of the Kingdom of Nepal. London: Vernor and Hood. p. 308
  2. An Account of The Kingdom of Nepal by Fancis Buchanan Hamilton
  3. Dibya upadesh in english by L.F. Stiller, S.J. pdf
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Nepali native units of measurements

January 30, 2016, 7:36 pm
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Nepal officially adopted metric system of measurement in 1968 with "Standard Measurement and Weight Act, 2025 B.S.  (1968)" but in daily practice many old systems are still in use. Here is the list of all native systems used in Nepal.

for Land Area measurement

In Terai region (flatlands of Nepal) the customary units like elsewhere in South Asia are used:

1 Dhur (धुर) = 16.93 m² = 182.25 sq.ft.
1 Kattha (कठ्ठा) = 20 Dhur = 3645 sq foot = 338.63 m²
1 Bigha (बिघा) = 20 kattha = 13.31 Ropani = 72,900 sq foot = 6,772.63 m²

In Hill and Mountainous regions:

1 Daam (दाम) = 21.39 Sq ft = 1.985 sq m
1 Paisa  (पैसा) = 4 Daam = 85.56 Sq ft = 7.94 m²
1 Aana (आना) = 4 Paisa = 16 Daam = 342.25 sq ft = 31.79 m²
1 Ropani (रोपनी) = 16 Aana = 64 Paisa = 5476 sq feet  = 508.74 m²

1 Ropani = 4 Matomuri
1 Khetmuri = 25 Ropani

for length measurement

1 Angul = approx. 0.75 inch
1 Dharnugrah (bow grip) = 4 Angul = 3 in
1 Dhanurmushti (fist with thumb raised) = 8 angul = 6 in
1 Vittaa (span) = 12 angul = 9 in
1 Haat = 2 Bhitta = 1.5 ft
1 Danda  = 4 Haat = 6 ft
1 Janjir = 9 Haat

1 Kos or Gorut = 2000 dand = 4000 yards = 2.25 miles = 3.7 km
1 Yojan = 4 kos = 9 miles = 14.5 km

for Grain (or liquid like) measurement  

1 mana = 0.5682 liter
1 kuruwa = 2 mana
1 paathi = 4 kuruwa = 8 mana  = 152 cubic inch*
1 muri = 20 paathi

for gold measurement 

1 gm = 8.573 lal
1 tola = 16 anna = 100 laal = 11.66 grams

for other weight

1 chatak = 4.5 tola = 58.31 gm
1 pau (पाउ)=  4 chatak
1 seer = 0.9331 kg
1 dharni (धार्नि) =  2 bisauli (बिसौलि) = 4 bodi (बोड़ि) = 12 pau  = 2.3325 kg = 5.142 pounds  = 2½ seer
1 palla = 2 dharni = approx 5 kg
1 maund  = 37.3242 kg

different names of counting [current Nepali vs old nepali language]

english= nepali - old nepali
one = EK - Raam
two = dui - duna
three= teen - teen
four = chaar - chaar
five = paanch - Okhle
six = chha - Mokhle
seven = saat - Birali
eight = aath - aath
nine = nau - nau
ten = das - das
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Lhotshampa - Nepali in Bhutan

February 21, 2016, 12:08 pm
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Bhutanese people of Nepali ethnic origin are known as Lhotshampa (southerners) in Bhutan as majority of them lived in southern parts of Bhutan. Nepalese people are said to be immigrated to Bhutan as early as 1620 AD. First King of Bhutan (Druk Gyalpo) Ugyen Wangchuck ruled from 1907-1926.

Huge number of ethnic Nepali people immigrated to Bhutan in late 18th and early 19th century from Nepal and India. By 1930 much of the southern Bhutan was cultivated and flourished by ethnic Nepalese that amounted to some 60,000 people. By the late 1980s, the Bhutanese government estimated 28 percent of the Bhutanese population were of Nepalese origin but unofficial estimates ran as high as 40 percent. 

But throughout 1980s and 1990s Bhutanese government expelled Nepali ethnic minorities out of the country using military seizing their land and properties, raping and torturing them. They were forced to go to Nepal as refugee. Started since 2008 many of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal are now being resettled in different parts of the world (mainly in the USA). As of 2015 August 83,053 Bhutanese refugees have been re-settled in USA already.

Still there are estimated 200,000 Lhotshampas living in Bhutan.

List of Nepalese ethnic people (Lhotshampa) in Bhutanese Government organizations:-

Council of ministers, total 11 including the PM, Lhotshampa ministers (Lyonpo) 1
* D.N. Dhungyel, Minister, Information & Communication

Parliament of Bhutan

National Council (upper house) : total members 25, Lhotshampa 2
* Kamal Bahadur Gurung, Member of Parliament, National Council 
* Dhan Bdr. Monger, Member of Parliament, National Council

National Assembly (lower house) : total members 47, Lhotshampas 7
* Dina Nath Dhungyel, People's Democratic Party (PDP)
* Tek Bahadur Subba, PDP
* Ritu Raj Chhetri, PDP
* Madan Kumar Chhetri, PDP
* Gopal Gurung, PDP
* Yogesh Tamang, PDP
* Novin Darlami, PDP

Royal Court of Justice (Judiciary of Bhutan)
Supreme Court, total justices 3 incl chief justice, Lhotshampas 0
High court, total justices 8, Lhotshampas 2
* Justice, Dasho Karma Dorji Sherpa
* Justice, Dasho K.B. Ghalley
District court (Dzongkhag): total district courts: 24
Sub-district court (Dungkhag): total dungkhag courts: 3

List of Nepalese ethnic people (Lhotshampa) in Other Bhutanese Organizations

Bhutan National Football Team
* Hari Gurung (21 - Goalkeeper)
* Dhan Bahadur Biswa (3 - Defender)
* Man Bahadur Gurung (5 - defender)
* Karan Gurung (23- defender)
* Biren Basnet (17 - midfilder)
* Diwas Subba (10- Strikker)

Bhutan National Cricket Team
Coach: Damber Singh Gurung
* Manoj Adhikari (Batsman)
* Suprit Pradhan (Batsman)
* Dilip Subba (bowler)
* Sanjeevan Gurung
* Sanjog Chhetri
* Suman Pradhan

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Links

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List of Hindu religious traditions, maths and notable leaders

March 15, 2016, 8:26 pm
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This is the full list of established hindu sampradaya, traditions, mathas, organizations etc and their notable Gurus, Bhagwans or leaders.

Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham (Tamilnadu) (link)
It is the oldest hindu monastic institution in Tamilnadu claimed to be founded in 482 BC by Adi Shankaracharya. Since its establishment it has been led by 70 unbroken linage of Acharyas so far in these 2,500 years. The 69th Acharya of Kanchi Sri Jayendra Sarasvati Swami and his disciple 70th nominated successor Sankara Vijayendra Sarasvati are looking after the Kanchi Sankara Matha at present.

Shri Gaudapadacharya Matha (Goa) (Link)
Founded in 740 AD this is one of the oldest hindu math.  It's founder was Gauda-pada whose student Govinda Bhagavatpada was the guru of Adi Shankaracharya. Shrimad Shivananda Saraswati Swami Gaudapadacharya is the present and 77th Peetadipathi (head of monastery). Unlike other mathas, this matha does not intent to influence all Hindus, its jurisdiction is limited to southern Saraswat Brahmins only.

4 mathas (peeths) of Advaita Vedanta Tradition/ Dashnami Sampradaya
Adi Shankaracharya established 4 peeths (monasteries) in around 820 AD to provide the organized base for the growth of Sanatan Dharma. They are Jyotir Math in North (Uttarakhand), Sringeri Sharada Peetham in South (Karnataka), Govardhana matha in East (Orissa) and Dvaraka Pitha in west (Gujarat). He also organized a part of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names, later these 10 groups (Dashnami) also became 10 surnames.

* Jyotir Math (North, Uttarakhand)
Totakacharya (820 AD) (1st head of Jyotir peetham)
Swami Ramakrishna Tīrtha (18th century)
vacant - 165 years
Brahmananda Saraswati (1941-53)
Swami Shantanand Saraswati  (1953 - 1980)
Swami Vishnudevananda Saraswati (1980-89)
--alternate
Swami Krishnabodha Asrama (x-1973)
Swami Swarūpānanda Saraswatī  of Jyotir Math (1973-now)

* Sringeri Sharada Peetham (South, Karnataka) (Link) (full list)
Chandrashekhara Bharati III (1912-1954) (34th)
Abhinava Vidyatirtha (1954-1989) (35th)
Bharati Tirtha (1989-Present) (36th & present)

* Dvaraka Pitha (West, Gujarat)
Sri Trivikrama Tirtha  (x- 1921)
Sri Bharati Krishna Tirtha (1921-1925 )
Shri Swarupananda and Shri Yogeswarananda (1925-x)
Shri Abhinava Saccidananda Tirtha (1945-1982)
Swami Swarūpānanda Saraswatī  of Jyotir Math (1982-now)

* Govardhana Puri matha (East, Orissa)
Padmapadacharya (1st, 8th century)
Swami Bharati Krishna (1925-1960)
Yogeswaranda Tirtha (1960-1961)
Niranjana Deva Tirtha (1964-1992)
Niscalananda Saraswati (1992-x)

Sri Vaishnavism (Vishnu Pranami)
It is a Vaishnava sect dedicated to the worship of the Vedic Supreme Being Vishnu. Nathamuni of 10th century is considered the pioneer of this sect.  Ramanuja (1017–1137) played major role to spread this philosophy. Since then Sri Sampradaya has been led by various monastic establishments and Acharyas appointed by Ramanuja till date. Most notable monasteries are The Jeeyar Swamy Mutt (Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh), Embar Mutt (Puri, Orissa), Yadugiri Yatiraj Mutt (Melukote, Karnataka) and Sriranga Narayana Jeeyar Mutt (Srirangam) etc. It has two sub-sects Thenkalai and Vadakalai.

Nijanand (Pranami) Sampradaya (Jamnagar, Gujarat) (link)
It was founded by Shri Devchandra Maharaj (1581–1655) in 1630 AD. But his successor Mahamati Prannathji (Mehraj Thakur) (1618–1694) was the key in spreading the religion. Shri 5 Navtanpuri Dham, Jamnagar is the main temple. Acharya Shri 108 Krishnamaniji Maharaj serves as the 14th and current Jagadguru (head) of the sampradaya.

Swaminarayan Sampradaya (Gujarat) (Link)
It was founded in 1800 AD by Swaminarayan aka Sahajanand Swami (1781-1830). The sampradaya is administrated from two seats :- Nar Narayan Dev Gadi in Ahmedabad, UP and Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi in Vadtal, Gujarat. Acharya Shree Koshalendraprasadji Maharaj is the current acharya of Narnarayandev gadhi whereas H.H. 1008 Shree Acharya Shree Ajendraprasadji Maharaj is the current acharya of Laxmi Narayandev Gadhi. This sampradaya is said to have followers about 20 million throughout the world. It has several temples in India, USA, UK etc.

Arya Samaj (Link)
It was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 for religious and social reform. They believe in only one supreme god known as 'Aum' and Veda is the only ultimate authority for them, they reject all other Hindu religious books.

Ramkrishna Mission & Math (Belur, West Bengal) (Link)
This mission was established by iconic hindu leader Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) in 1897 with the influence of his Guru Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886). Swami Atmasthananda (b. 1919) is the current & 15th president of the mission.

Satsang - Thakur dharma - Jai Guru (Deoghar, Jharkhand) (Link)
Satsang was first started in 1914 by Sree Sree Thakur Anukulchandra (1888-1969). Manomohini Devi (1870-1938), mother and guru of Anukulchandra was the first President of Satsang. After Anukulchandra his son Sree Sree Borda Amarendranath Chakravarty (1911–1995) took the leadership. Now Asoke Chakravarty, grandson of Anukulchandra is the main Guru and president of the Satsang.

Divine Light Mission - DLM (Divya Sandesh Parishad / Aatma Gyan)
It was founded in 1960 by  'Satguru' Hans Ji Maharaj (1900-1966). After his death his son Prem Rawat (aka Guru Maharaj) (link) took the charge of DLM at the age of 16. It had huge exposure in USA in 1970s. But after Prem Rawat's marriage to an american devotee he lost his control in Indian DLM where his mother installed his brother Satpal Rawat (later union minister of India) in 1975. Prem rawat changed the DLM america name to Elan Vital in 1983 to remove the influence of Hindu religion and to make his teachings independent of culture, beliefs and lifestyles. Elan Vital is now said to be succeeded by new entity Words of Peace International (L).

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) - New York, USA (link)
This society was founded in 1966 in New York, USA by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. It is a 'Gaudiya Vaishnava' Hindu religious organization having focus on Bhagwat Geeta and Bhagwat puran. It aims to spread the practice of 'Bhakti Yoga', in which devotees (bhaktas) dedicate their life toward the Supreme Lord, Krishna. Its also known as the Hare Krishna movement. Now it has more than 550 centers all around the world.

Jagadguru Kripalu Parishad (JKP) (Pratapgarh, UP)
It was founded in 1970 by Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj (1922-2013). It has four main aashrams in India : Rangeeli Mahal - Barsana, Bhakti Dham-Mangarh, Shyama Shyam Dham-Vrindavan and Jagadguru Dham- Vrindavan. Its aasram Radha Madhav Dham-Texas, USA is the largest Hindu temple in Americas.

Other spiritual and cultural traditions, movements and organizations

Bramhakumaris World Spiritual University (1930s) (Mt. Abu, Rajasthan)
This religious movement was originated in Hyderabad (current-day Pakistan) during the 1930s and was founded by Dada Lekhraj Kripalani aka Brahma Baba. Women play the greater role in this movement. This movement focuses on meditation and soul-consciousness. It is said to have over 8,500 centers in 100 countries.

Sathya Sai Organization (1960) (Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh)
This organization was established by Satya Sai Baba (1926-2011) in 1960 and greatly influenced by Sai Baba of Shirdi and his movement. Devotees of this tradition believe that Satya Sai Baba was in fact the reincarnation of Shirdi Sai. Teaching of Shirdi Sai combined the elements of Hinduism and Islam and his well known epigrams, "Sabka Malik Ek" ("One God governs all"), is indicates that as well.

The Art of Living Foundation (1981) by Sri Sri Ravishankar (b.1956) (Link)
This organization was founded by Sri Sri Ravishankar in 1981. Its international headquarter is in Bangalore, India. It has branches in 56 countries and working in special consultative status with United Nation's ECOSOC. It offers a variety of personal-development, trauma-relief, educational programs

Rajneesh OSHO movement (1970-1990)
Osho (1931-1990) was a spiritual teacher having a more open attitude towards sexuality and was critic of socialism and institutionalized religions. This movement got in controversy in both India and USA. Osho had several initiated disciples known as Neo-Sannyasins from western world. They had a planned community residence 'Rajneeshpuram' in Oregon, USA between 1981-84, turning an empty rural property into a city of up to 7,000 people. Followers of Osho Rajneeshee were accused of 1984 bio-terror attack in The Dalles, Oregon and 1985 conspiracy of assassination of US district attorney Charles Turner. Osho had to move to different places in India and USA because of controversy.

Yoga movement of Baba Ramdev (Patanjali Yogpeeth- Haridwar, 2006)
Yoga teacher Baba Ramdev founded the Divya Yog Mandir Trust in 1995 and Patanjali Yogpeeth in 2006. Since 2003 he began teach yoga in TV and gained big fame. Now he is one of the prominent figure of contemporary yoga movement.

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See Also:-
Bahun people


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Hindu-Buddhist Temples and practices in Nepal

June 2, 2016, 12:57 am
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Two major religions of the world Hinduism and Buddhism have been peacefully co-existed in Nepal since last thousands of years. Hindus regard founder of Buddhism Gautam Buddha as the re-incarnation of Lord Vishnu, a hindu deity where as Buddhists in Nepal worship many hindu deities in different names.

There are many common temples in Nepal where Hindus and Buddhists both go for worship. This article intends to list those temples and practices.

Budhanilkantha temple : This temple is located just outside of Kathmandu city and it is one of the major hindu temple in Nepal. Buddhists also worship this temple as Lu-Khang-gel-maa.

Halesi mahadev : This temple, located at Khotang district in eastern Nepal, is pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Buddhists.

Muktinath: This temple, located in Mustang district at the foot of Himalayas , is also pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Buddhists.

* Hindu gods worshipped by Nepali Buddhists in different names:-

Ganesh - Arya Jambala
Mahankal- Mahankaalaa
Kuber (instead of Laxmi)- Kuber
Saraswati - Manju Shree
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List Nepali loan words from foreign languages

June 12, 2016, 9:09 am
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List of Nepali loan words taken from foreign languages.

Arabic origin:-
Aakhir (आखिर) - end
Ajab (अजब) - wonderful
Dimag (दिमाग) - brain
Duniya (दुनियाँ)- world
Filhaal (फिलहाल) - currently
Haal (हाल)- Condition
Hirasat (हिरासत) - custody
Kabul (कबुल)- agree
Khaas (खास)- special
Khabar (खबर) - news
Kitab (किताब) - book
Kursi (कुर्सि) - chair
Matlab (मतलब)- meaning

Persian (Farsi) origin:-
Durbar (दरबार)- palace, court
Dushman (दुश्मन)- enemy
Jahaaj (जहाज)- ship

English origin:-
Bag - ब्याग
Camera - क्यामेरा
Cancer - क्यान्सर
Cinema - सिनेमा 
Coat - कोट 
Computer - कम्प्युटर
Doctor - डाक्टर
Motor - मोटर
Photo - फोटो
Radio - रेडियो
School - स्कुल
Ticket - टिकट
Telephone - टेलिफोन

Latin origin:-
Calendar - क्यालेन्डर
Campus - क्याम्पस
Quota - कोटा
Studio - स्टुडियो		Portugese origin:-
Achaar (अचार) - Pickle
Chabi (चाबी) - Key
Gamalaa (गमला) - Flower Pot
Godaam (गोदाम) - Godown
Kaphi (कफी)- Coffee
Kamej (कमेज)- Shirt
Karphyu (कर्फ्यु)- Curfew
Saabun (साबुन) - soap
Tauliya (तौलिया) - Towel

French origin:-
College - कलेज
Engineer - इन्जिनियर
Police - पुलिस
Tourist - टुरिस्ट
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See also:-
English names of Nepali spices
English names of common nepali words

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Tags: farsi, swahili, hindustani, hindi, urdu, marathi, sanskrit, french, spanish, kumaoni, garwali, pahari,
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New Federal Structure of Nepal

September 21, 2015, 6:38 pm
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New constitution of Nepal was passed from constituent assembly in Sep 16, 2015 by over 84% majority and it was promulgated in Sep 20. According to the new constitution following administrative divisions will be established.

(see also: historical administrative divisons, proposed federal structures)
7 federal states will be formed in Nepal removing current 14 zone and 5 development regions. Current 75 districts will be kept as the subdivision of the new provinces. However, 2 current districts among them (Nawalparasi & Rukum) will be divided and assigned to two different provinces. Name of provinces will be given by 2/3 majority of the province's legislative.

After the constitution will be fully implemented there will be following states:-

State no 1 : Population 4,534,943 - Area 25,905 sq km - districts 14
Possible name: n/a , Possible capital : Dhankuta, Itahari, Biratnagar

1. Taplejung District 2. Panchthar District 3. Ilam District
4. Sankhuwasabha District 5. Terhathum District 6. Dhankuta District
7. Bhojpur District 8. Khotang District 9. Solukhumbu District
10. Okhaldhunga District 11. Udayapur District 12. Jhapa District
13. Morang District 14. Sunsari District

State no 2: Population 5,404,145 Area 9,661 km.² - districts 8
Possible name: Madhesh, Mithila - Possible capital: Birgunj, Janakpur, Lahan

1. Saptari District 2. Siraha District 3. Dhanusha District
4. Mahottari District 5. Sarlahi District 6. Rautahat District
7. Bara District 8. Parsa District

State no 3: Population 5,529,452 Area 20,300 km.² - districts 13
Possible name: Central, Kathmandu, Possible capitals: Kathamndu, Hetauda

1. Dolakha District 2. Ramechhap District 3. Sindhuli District
4. Kavrepalanchok District 5. Sindhupalchok District 6. Rasuwa District
7. Nuwakot District 8. Dhading District 9. Chitwan District
10. Makwanpur District 11. Bhaktapur District 12. Lalitpur District
13. Kathmandu District

State no 4: Population 2,413,907 Area 21,504 km.² - districts 10 & one 1/2
possible name: n/a, possible capital: Pokhara

1. Gorkha District 2. Lamjung District 3. Tanahun District
4. Kaski District 5. Manang District 6. Mustang District
7. Parbat District 8. Syangja District 9. Myagdi District
10. Baglung District 11. Nawalparasi District (east of Bardaghat Susta)

State no 5: Population 4,891,025 Area 22,288 km.² - districts 10 and 2 half
Possible name: Tharuwan, Tharuhat, Lumbini Possible capital: Nepalgunj, Ghorahi

1. Nawalparasi District (west of Bardaghat Susta) 2. Rupandehi District
3. Kapilvastu District 4. Palpa District 5. Arghakhanchi District
6. Gulmi District 7. Rukum District (eastern part) 8. Rolpa District
9. Pyuthan District 10. Dang Deukhuri District 11. Banke District
12. Bardiya District

State no 6: Population 1,168,515 Area 27,984 km.² - districts 9 and 1 half
Possible name: Karnali - Possible capital: Birendra Nagar

1. Rukum District (Western part) 2. Salyan District 3. Dolpa District
4. Jumla District 5. Mugu District 6. Humla District
7. Kalikot District 8. Jajarkot District 9. Dailekh District
10. Surkhet District

State no 7: Population 2,552,517 Area 19,539 km.² - districts 9
Possible name: Far western, Mahakali - Possible capital: Dipayal, Dhangadhi, 

1. Bajura District 2. Bajhang District 3. Doti District
4. Achham District 5. Darchula District 6. Baitadi District
7. Dadeldhura District 8. Kanchanpur District 9. Kailali District

Judicial system:-

Current Supreme Court of Nepal (सर्वोच्च अदालत) will remain as it is as the top of all courts in federal Nepal.

Current 16 Appeal Courts (पुनरावेदन अदालत) will be dissolved and each 7 states will have new High Courts (उच्च अदालत). Judges of current appeal courts will be assimilated in to High courts.

Current District courts will remain as it is but will work under the High court of their respective states.
(Link1)

Local administration:-

Constitution has provisioned to form a 'Local area reconstruction commission' within 6 months to solve the technical issues to declare numbers and boundaries of local area. Government formed such committee in March 13, 2016.

Old Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDC) will be replaced by new NagarPalika (Municipality) and Gaaun-Palika (Village Administration). Currently there are 3,157 VDC and 217 municipalities. 'Local area reconstruction commission' is working to reduce the number of City and villages down between 300 to 1,000. Local government services will be provided through Wards. Village will be divided into 5-21 wards whereas cities will be divided into 9-35 wards.

(L, L2, )

Police administration:-

Currently Nepal Police has 67,416 posts including 1 IGP, 8 AIG, 34 DIG, 77 SSP, 134 SP, 387 DSP, 1,253 Inspector- 3,645 SI- 6,667 ASI- 12,574 Head constable and 39,374 constable among them Police headquarter has 5,388, Metropolitan police has 10,800, Eastern region has 12,162, Central region has 12,620, western region has 10,805, mid west region has 9,512 and far west region has 6129 police posts. (Link1)

In federal Nepal there will be a central Nepal Police led by "Police Director General" (प्रहरी महानिर्देशक) under the central home ministry and each 7 states will have state police forces led by their State Police Inspector General (प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) under the respective state home ministries. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Kathmandu Metropolitan police, National police training center etc will work under central Nepal police. To make coordination between Nepal police and state police forces there will be one "Police affair federal coordination committee" (प्रहरी मामिला संघीय समन्वय समिति) led by federal home minister and its other members will be state home ministers, home secretaries of central and states, central police director general and joint-secretory of federal home ministry-police affair. (Link2)

Current "Armed Police Force" (APF) will work under federal government (article 268 of the constitution)

(being developed...)
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Search

Timeline of Nepal India (& China) relation

August 4, 2016, 11:33 am
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This is the timeline of relevant events of Nepal India relation.



Background

1768 Sep 25 : The great king Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha conquered "Kathmandu Kingdom of Nepal Valley" and established the base of modern united Nepal.

1814 - 1816 : Anglo Nepal war and Sugauli Treaty:
1814 Oct: British forces started attack on Nepal, evantually in four central and western fronts:  Danapur, Varanasi, Meerut and Ludhina. 
1815 Dec 2 : Treaty of Sugauli was signed by Nepal and British East India company and ratified in 1816 March 4. Nepal lost almost 1/3 of its land area to the company including all lands west of Mahakali river and east of Mechi river shaping the present east and west border of Nepal. 
1817 Feb : Treaty of Titalia was signed between Kingdom of Sikkim and British East India Company which handed over all lands east of Mechi river that Nepal had lost in Sugauli treaty to Sikkim in condition of Sikkim accepting British protect status, and allowing the trading rights and rights of passage to Tibet to British.
1846 Sep: Jung Bahadur Kuwar became prime minister of Nepal starting his dynasty prime ministership that lasted for 104 years.

1855 - 1856: Nepal Tibet war: Rana PM Jung Bahadur declared war on Tibet on March 1855. Nepal defeated Tibet. Treaty of Thapathali was signed in 1856 March 24.

1857 May 10 - 1859 July 8: Indian rebellion of 1857
Nepal led by Rana Prime minister Jung Bahadur actively supported British Empire in Indian rebellion. Rebels were defeated. As a result got 4 westernmost terai districts back that Nepal had lost after Sugauli treaty. Present boundary of Nepal was finally reached.
As a result of rebellion, British East India Company rule in India was replaced by direct British rule known as British Raj aka Indian Empire.
1947 Aug 15 : India got independence from the UK. (Pakistan in Aug 14th).

1950 July 31 : "Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between The Government of India and The Government of Nepal" was signed during the rule of last Rana prime minister of Nepal Mohan Shumsher JBR facilitating visa free entry to the people of both country into each other's.

1950 Nov - 1951 Feb : Democracy movement of Nepal & Delhi Accord:
King Tribhuvan of Nepal with his family took refuse in Indian embassy, Kathmandu on 1950 November to support armed rebellion conducted by Nepali Congress Party against hereditary Rana Prime ministership. On Nov 10 Royal family were taken to India by two Indian planes, they were welcomed in Delhi by Indian PM Jawahar Lal Nehru. Tripartite agreement known as "Delhi accord" made in Delhi between Ranas, Nepali congress party and King Tribhuban mediated by Government of India. King Tribhuvan returned to Nepal 1951 Feb 15.
1951 Feb 18 (2007 Falgun 7 BS): King Tribhuvan made historical proclamation about end of Rana rule, new government was formed taking members Rana family and Nepali Congress party.

1955 March 13 : King Tribhuvan died, King Mahendra ascended the throne of Nepal (coronated in May 2).
1955 : Nepal established diplomatic relationship with People's republic of China.
1956: New "Treaty of Thapathali" was signed between Nepal and China in which Nepal agreed to surrender all privileges and rights granted by the old Thapathali treaty (1856) and Nepal recognized China's sovereignty over Tibet.
1957 Feb 25-28: Chinese PM Zhou Enlai visited Nepal
1960: USSR President Marshal Voroshilov visited Nepal
1960: Chinese PM Zhou En-lai visited Nepal for second time.

1960 Dec 15:  King Mahendra suspended the constitution, dissolved the elected parliament and the cabinet, imprisoned the prime minister and other leaders, and imposed his direct rule in Nepal.
1972 Jan 31: King Mahendra died. Birendra became the new King of Nepal.
1972 Aug 24: BP Koirala started armed revolution against the Panchayati System from India.
1975 Feb 24: Coronation of King Birendra. He presented the proposal to recognize Nepal as a zone of peace. Eventually recognized by 116 countries except India.

1975 May 16 : India annexed Sikkim making it India's 22nd state.

1976 June: King Birendra visited China. Chine supported Nepal's zone of peace proposal.
1976 Dec 30: BP Koirala returned Nepal and arrested.

1980 May 2: Referendum (२०३६ सालको जनमत संग्रह) on non-partisan panchayat system or a multiparty system in Nepal. The panchayat system received a slim majority of 54.8%. Voter turnout was 66.9%.

1981 May/ June: Chinese PM Zhao Ziyang visited Nepal

1984 March 19: Chinese President Li Xiannian visited Nepal.

1989/1990: Indian official blockade of Nepal in 1989/1990
1987 Dec: India warned Nepal not to purchase antiaircraft gun from China.
1988 March: Nepal made a deal to purchase Chinese weapons
1988 July 22: Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi sent his foreign minister Natwar Singh to Nepal to urge not to purchase weapons again from China. King Birendra refused.
1989 March 23: Nepal-India Trade and transit treaty expired. India refused to renew. Since then India officially imposed blockade in Nepal until Apr 1990.
1989 Apr, May: Nepal bought fuel from China.
1989 Oct 5: Nepali foreign minister Sailendra Kumar Upadhaya raised the issue of blockade in UN without mentioning India.
1989 Nov: Chinese PM Li Peng visited Nepal. In Kathmandu he said: "all countries, small or big, should be treated equally. Problems and disputes should be handled according to five principles of peaceful co-existence".
1990 Apr 8: upraising organized by Nepali Congress and Left alliance became successful, Panchayat System collapsed, King Birendra removed the ban on political parties.

1990 Dec 9: King Birendra promulgated new constitution of Nepal. 

1993 Mar 16: Madan Bhandari, leader of the influential 'Communist party of Nepal UML', killed in the road accident along with other leader Jeev raj Ashrit. Many believe in the conspiracy theory as they were murdered and link that with India. Only eyewitness of the scene car driver Amar Lama was killed by unidentified gunman in daylight 1:45 pm in Kirtipur in 2003 July 28.

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(this topic will cover everything relevent. updating soon...)
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Timeline of Democratic and Republic Nepal (1990 - present)

August 6, 2016, 3:51 pm
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This is the timeline of all relevant political events of Nepal since restoration of Democracy in 1990 to present. For the era before this see: Panchayati System 1960-1990.

This timeline includes following:-
First democracy movement of 1990,
Constitutional Kingdom era of 1990-2005 and 2006-2008,
Nepalese royal massacre of 2001
Absolute monarchy 2005-2006
Maoist's civil war 1996-2006,
Second democracy movement of 2006,
Republic 2008- now

1989/1990: Indian official blockade of Nepal in 1989/1990
1987 Dec: India warned Nepal not to purchase antiaircraft gun from China.
1988 March: Nepal made a deal to purchase Chinese weapons
1988 July 22: Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi sent his foreign minister Natwar Singh to Nepal to urge not to purchase weapons again from China. King Birendra refused.
1989 March 23: Nepal-India Trade and transit treaty expired. India refused to renew. Since then India officially imposed blockade in Nepal until Apr 1990.
1989 Apr, May: Nepal bought fuel from China.
1989 Oct 5: Nepali foreign minister Sailendra Kumar Upadhaya raised the issue of blockade in UN without mentioning India.
1989 Nov: Chinese PM Li Peng visited Nepal. In Kathmandu he said: "all countries, small or big, should be treated equally. Problems and disputes should be handled according to five principles of peaceful co-existence".

Revolution 1990 / People's Movement 1 (जनआन्दोलन भाग १)

Jan 18, 1990: Nepali Congress called for a decisive movement for the restoration of democracy and welcomed other parties to join.
February 18, 1990 (Falgun 7, 2046 B.S.): Nation-wide Movement for Restoration of Democracy was started by Nepali Congress and Left front of seven Communist Parties led by CPN (ML).
Apr 6, 1990: Lokendra Bahadur Chand as PM (2nd time) [13 days]

1990 Apr 8: upraising organized by Nepali Congress and Left alliance became successful, Panchayat System collapsed, King Birendra removed the ban on political parties.

Apr 19, 1990: Krishna Prasad Bhattarai from Nepali Congress became PM

Apr 1990: India removed the 13 months blockade in Nepal.

June 1990: PM Bhattarai visited India and met Indian PM VP Singh. India removed the blockade.

Constitutional Kingdom era 1990-2005

Dec 9, 1990 (B.S. 2047 Mangsir 23): King Birendra promulgated new constitution of Nepal. (नेपाल अधिराज्यको संविधान, २०४७)

1991 March: CPN (ML) and CPN (Marxist) united to form CPN (UML)

1991 May 12: First election after restoration of democracy. Nepali congress won majority (110 out of 205) seats. CPN UML got 69 seats where as future maoist party Samyukta Janamorcha became 3rd party winning 9 seats.

1991 May 26: Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala appointed as Prime Minister.

1993 Jan 27-Feb 2: 5th convention of CPN UML, party adopted People's Multi-party Democracy. 

1993 Mar 16: Madan Bhandari, leader of the influential 'Communist party of Nepal UML', killed in the road accident along with other leader Jeev Raj Ashrit. Only eyewitness of the scene car driver Amar Lama was killed by unidentified gunman in daylight 1:45 pm in Kirtipur in 2003 July 28.

1994 Nov 15: Midterm legislative election held. Among total 205 seats CPN UML won 88 seats becoming largest party followed by Nepali Congress 83 and Rastriya Prajantra Party 20.

1994 Nov 30: CPN UML leader Man Mohan Adhikari appointed as Prime Minister.

1995 Sep 12: Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba appointed as the Prime Minister.

1997 March 12: RPP leader Lokendra Bahadur Chand appointed as Prime minister.

1997 Oct 7: RPP leader Shurya Bahadur Thapa appointed as Prime Minister.

1998 Apr 15: Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala appointed as Prime Minister. (2nd)

1999 May 3 & May 17: General election held. Nepali congress got majority 111 seats among total 205 followed by CPN UML 71 and RPP (Thapa) 11.

1999 May 31: Nepali Congress leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai appointed as Prime Minister. (2nd)

2000 Mar 22: Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala appointed as Prime Minister (3rd).

2001 June 1 9PM: Royal Massacre occurred in Narayanhati Royal Palace killing King Birendra, Queen Aishwarya, Crown Prince Dipendra (later) and 7 other members of Royal family.

2001 June 2 : Crown Prince Dipendra appointed as the King of Nepal while in coma.

2001 June 4 : Prince Gyanendra (brother of Birendra) appointed as the King of Nepal after the death of King Dipendra in 3 days.

2001 July 26: Nepali Congress leader Sher B Deuba appointed as Prime Minister (2nd).

2002 Oct 4: King Gyanendra abolished Deuba government and made himself head of government.

2002 Oct 11: King appointed Lokendra B Chand as Prime minister.

2003 Jun 5: King appointed Surya B Thapa as Prime Minister.

2004 Mar 30: Nepali maoist leader Mohan Baidhya 'Kiran' arrested from Siliguri, India. (li)

2004 Jun 3: King appointed Sher B Deuba as Prime Minister.

2005 Feb 1: King Gyanendra again abolished the deuba government.

2005 Nov 22: 12-points agreement was signed in Delhi, India between "Seven Party alliance" and CPN-Maoist which facilitated Second Democracy movement in Nepal.

2006 Apr 25: Nepali congress leader Girija P Koirala appointed as Prime Minister (4th).

2007 Jan 15:  Pratinidhi Sabha, the legislature of Nepal, was dissolved and replace by a new Interim legislature.

2008 Apr 10: First Constitutent Assembly election. CPN Maoist became largest party with 229 seats among total 601 followed by Nepali Congress 115 and CPN UML 108.

2008 Aug 18: CPN Maoist leder Prachanda became Prime Minister.

2009 May 25: CPN UML leader Madhab Kumar Nepal became Prime Minister.

2011 Feb 6: CPN UML leader Jhal Nath Khanal became Prime Minister.

2011 Aug 29: CPN Maoist leader Baburam Bhattarai became Prime Minister.

2013 Mar 14: Supreme Court Chief Justice became Head of Ministerial Council (PM).

2013 Nov 19: Second constituent assembly election. Nepali Congress became largest party with 196 seats among total 601 followed by CPN UML 175 and CPN Maoist 80.

2014 Feb 11: Nepali Congress leader Sushil Koirala bacame Prime Minister.

2015 Oct 12: CPN UML leader Khadga Prasad Oli became Prime Minister.

2016 Aug 4: CPN Maoist leader Prachanda became Prime Minister.

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(this topic will cover everything relevant. updating soon...)
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Timeline of Sikkim in India (1975 to present)

August 11, 2016, 5:22 pm
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This timeline covers all relevant events in Sikkim on and after its merger into India in 1975. For the history of Kingdom of Sikkim before this, there will be a separate timeline.
(Current area of Sikkim 7,096 sq km - 2011 population of Sikkim 6,07,688)

This article includes:-
* Events of merger of Sikkim into India
* Sikkim Legislative Assembly elections (1979, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014)
* President's rule in Sikkim 1979, 1984-85

Background of annexation

1950: Indo-Sikkim Treaty was signed between the Maharaja of Sikkim, Sir Tashi Namgyal, and a representative of the Indian Government. This treaty recognized Sikkim as a protectorate of India as Sikkim had autonomy in its internal affairs but its defence, external affairs and communication requirements were to be looked after by India.

1953: King (Chogyal) Palden Thondup Namgyal introduced democracy to his Kingdom of Sikkim with State Council of 18 members 12 of which were to be elected and 6 including the President were to be nominated by the King. In the first election of mid 1953, two parties "Sikkim National Party" and the "Sikkim State Congress" won 6 seats each.

1958: 2nd election of Kingdom of Sikkim "State Council". Among total 20 members 13 were elected, 7 from Sikkim State Congress and 6 from Sikkim National Party and 7 were appointed by the King.

1962 Oct 20-Nov 21: India-China war took place.

1962: Kazi Lhendup Dorji Khangsarpa founded "Sikkim National Congress" political party.

1966 Jan 24: Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister of India (until 1977 March 24).

1967 March: 3rd election Kingdom of Sikkim State Council. Out of total 24 seats 18 had to be elected. Lhendup Dorji's party Sikkim National congress won 8, Sikkim National Party won 5, Sikkim State Congress won 2.

1970 Apr: 4th election of Sikkim State Council. Sikkim National Party won 8, Sikkim State Congress won 4 and Sikkim National Congress won 3.

1971 Dec 16:  Pakistan Armed Forces surrendered on Bangladesh War of Independence with the help of India. Former East Pakistan became the new "Republic of Bangladesh".

1973: 5th election of Sikkim State Council. Independence supporter Sikkim National Party won 9 seats, whereas annexationist parties Lhendup Dorje's Sikkim National Congress won 5 and newly united Sikkim Janta Congress (Sikkim State Congress + Sikkim Janata Party) won 2 seats out of total elected 18.

1973 Apr: India sent B. S. Das as the Chief Executive in Sikkim (until Sep 1974)

1973 May 8: "Tripartite agreement" was signed between the King Namgyal, political parties and the government of India. The agreement provided for the establishment of a "responsible" government under the supervision of a "Chief Executive" nominated by the India.

1974 Apr 13: 6th election of State Council of independent "Kingdom of Sikkim" held. Sikkim National Congress led by Kazi Lhendup Dorji won overwhelming majority of 31 out of total 32 seats.

1974 June 28: Government of Sikkim Act was passed from Sikkim assembly.

1974 July 23: Following the "Tripartite agreement" 5-member Sikkim government was formed with Kazi Lhendup Dorjee as Prime Minister, other members were Rinzing Lepcha, BP Dahal, Dorji Thering & KC Pradhan.

Merger transition phase (1975-1979)

1975 April : Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok and disarmed about 300 King's palace guards. One Indian army one King's guard killed in the operation.

1975 Apr 14: referendum on abolishing the monarchy in Sikkim was held. 97.55% people supported the major.

1975 Apr 22: Government of India introduced the 36th Amendment to the Constitution making Sikkim the 22nd state of India with effect from April 26.

1975 May 16: Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished.  Kazi Lhendup Dorjee appointed as the Chief minister of Sikkim. Indian Chief executive BB Lal became governor of Sikkim.

1977: Sikkim National Congress of Kaji Lhendup Dorjee merged with Indian National Congress.

1977 : Nar Bahadur Bhandari formed "Sikkim Janta Parishad" party.

1978 Aug 18: President rule imposed in Sikkim until Oct 18. (for 2 months)

Rule of Nar Bahadur Bhandari (SJP & SSP) (1979-1994)

1979: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. 244 candidates contested for total 32 seats. "Sikkim Janta Parishad" won 16 seats with 31.49% popular vote. Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) got 11 seats and 20.58% popular vote. "Sikkim Prajatantra Congress" led by Pawan Kumar Chamling won 4 seats and 15.76% popular vote. Independent candidate won rest 1 seat.

1979 Oct 18: Nar Bahadur Bhandari from "Sikkim Janata Parishad" appointed as the Chief minister of Sikkim until 11 May 1984.

1981: ruling party "Sikkim Janta Parishad" merged with national party Indian National Congress.

1982 Jan 29: Last sovereign king of Sikkim Palden Thondup Namgyal died at the age of 58 because of cancer at New York City, USA.

1984 Jan: 13 rulling party MLAs including 4 ministers submitted a memorandum to the governor against Bhandari government on corruption charge and expressed their no confidence.

1984 May 11: Governor "Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan" dismissed Bhandari government. Bir Bahadur Gurung from INC (SJP had merged with INC) appointed as the Chief Minister of Sikkim (for 13 days). But the Gurung's government failed due to lack of support and instability.

1984 May : Nar Bahadur Bhandari left merged Congress-I and founded new party "Sikkim Sangram Parishad" which overwhelmingly won 1985 and 1989 elections with 30 and 32 seats respectively.

1984 May 25:  President's rule imposed until 1985 March 8. (for 9 months 13 days)

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1985: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. 195 candidates contested for total 32 seats. "Sikkim Sangram Parishad" led by Ex CM Nar Bahadur Bhandari won majority 30 seats with 62.2% popular vote. National party INC got 24.15% popular vote and won 1 seat. Independent candidate won rest 1 seat. Pawan Chamling, future influential Sikkim leader, elected as the member of Sikkim legislative assembly for the first time from Sikkim Sangram Parishad.

1985 March 8: Nar Bahadur Bhandari from Sikkim Sangram Parishad appointed as the chief minister of Sikkim until 1994 June 17.

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1989: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. 118 candidates contested for total 32 seats. Sikkim Sangram Parishad - SSP won all 32 seats with 70.41% popular vote. National party INC got 18.05% popular vote without winning any seats.

1989: Nar Bahadur Bhandari from SSP appointed as the Chief minister. Pawan chamling was the Minister for Industries, Information and Public Relations in this cabinet from 1989 to 1992 June 16.

1993 March 4: Pawan Kumar Chamling founded "Sikkim Democratic Front - SDF" quitting rulling Sikkim Sangram Parishad.

1994 June 17 : Sanchaman Limboo from Sikkim Sangram Parishad appointed as Chief Minister of Sikkim until 1994 Dec 12 (for 6 months).

1994 July 1 (early july): Nar BahadurBhandari and 15 of his supporters resigned from the Assembly. Pawan Chamling, the founder of the Sikkim Democratic Front (SDF), also resigned soon after that. 32 membered Sikkim Legislative Assembly now only has 15 members including the speaker.

Rule of Pawan Kumar Chamling - SDF (1994-present)

1994 Nov: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. 186 candidates contested for total 32 seats. Sikkim Democratic Front led by Pawan K Chamling won majority 19 seats whereas ruling Sikkim Sangram Parishad won 10 seats. National party INC won 2 seats and independent candidate won 1 seat.

1994 Dec 12: Pawan Kumar Chamling from Sikkim Democratic Front appointed as the chief minister of Sikkim.

1999: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. Sikkim Democratic Front led by Pawan K Chamling won majority 24 seats whereas main opposition Sikkim Sangram Parishad won 7 seats. Independent candidate won 1 seat.

2002: Governemnt of India honored Ex Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sikkim & Ex Chief Minister of Sikkim State "Kazi Lhendup Dorjee" by Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award, for his contribution to merge Sikkim into India.

2004 May 10: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. 91 candidate contested for total 32 seats. Sikkim Democratic Front led by Pawan K Chamling won overwhelming majority of 31 seats whereas national party INC led by Ex. Chief Minister Nar Bahadur Bhandari won 1 seat.

2007 July 28: Kazi Lhendup Dorjee, key feigure to merge Sikkim into India, died at the age of 102.

2009 Apr 30: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. Total 167 candidates contested for total 32 seats. Sikkim Democratic Front led by Pawan K Chamling won all 32 seats scoring 65.91% popular votes. National Party INC who had contested in all 32 seats got 27.64% popular votes without winning any seats.

2014 Apr 12: Sikkim Legislative Assembly election held. Total 121 candidates contested for total 32 seats. SDF won 22 seats scoring 55% popular votes whereas Sikkim Krantikari Morcha won 10 seats scoring 40.8% popular votes. National Party INC who had contested in all 32 seats got 1.4% popular votes without winning any seats.

(This timeline is being developed. It will cover all relevant events.)

Legacy of Namgyal House
*12th and Last Soverign Chogyal (King) Palden T Namgyal born in May 23, 1923 Gangtok, Sikkim.
*His second wife was american lady Hope Cook (married 1963 March 20- divorced1980). As She had abandoned her american citizenship after the marriage, in May 1975, private bills had to be tabled in US Senate to restore her citizenship. President Gerald Ford signed the amended bill into law on June 16, 1976 which would grant her only U.S. permanent resident status at that time.
*Disposed King Palden died of cancer in January 29, 1982 (aged 58) in New York.
*Wangchuk Tenzing Namgyal, Son from first wife, is the current (13th) titular King of Sikkim.

References:-
http://sikkimnews.blogspot.com/2007/05/sikkim-timeline-view.html

2004 election data PDF

Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim edited by Hamlet Bareh

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975/1/435037.html

http://sikkim-historyhunter.blogspot.com/2011/05/kazi-lhendup-dorjee-khangsarpa-first.html
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Timeline of Gorkhaland

August 17, 2016, 5:05 pm
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1936 June 22: Subhash Ghising was born in Darjeeling, British India.
1947 Aug 15: India got independence from UK.
1964 July 17: Bimal Gurung was born.
Communist Rule in West Bengal
1977: CPI Marxist won majority 178 seats among total 294 seats in West Bengal legislative assembly defeating ruling Congress I. Jyoti Basu became the chief minister of West Bengal. CPI-M rule was ended only after 34 years by 2011 election.

1980: Subhash Ghising established "Gorkha National Liberation Front - GNLF", a political party demanding separate Gorkhaland State in India.

1st Gorkhaland people's movement
1986-1988: people's movement led by GNLF erupted in the Darjeeling hills demanding separate State on the basis of ethno-linguistic rights. About 1,200 people lost their lives.

1988 Aug 22: Darjeeling Hill Accord was signed. "Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council - DGHC", a semi-autonomous body for the administration of Darjeeling district, was established. GNLF gave up its demand for separate Gorkhaland State.

2nd Gorkhaland People's movement
2007 Oct 7: Bimal Gurung established Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (गोर्खा जनमुक्ति मोर्चा).

2009 Apr/May: 15th Lok Sabha election. National level leader Jaswant Singh from BJP won the Darjeeling constituency with 51.5% popular vote.

Rule of Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal State
2011 May 20: Mamata Banerjee appointed as the Chief Minister of West Bengal state as her party All India Trinamool Congress pulled off a landslide victory defeating 34 years long Communist rule in the state.

2011 July 18: "Memorandum of Agreement" for "Gorkhaland Territorial Administration- GTA" was signed near Siliguri in the presence of Home Minister of India P. Chidambaram, West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee and Gorkha Janmukti Morcha leaders. GTA replaced 23 years old "Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council - DGHC". The new GTA will have 50 members: 45 of them will be elected and the rest nominated. (Link) (Link)

2013 July 30: Mangal Singh Rajput (45) set himself in fire demanding Gorkhaland State (he died Aug 3 in Siliguri in Hospital) (Link)

2014 Apr/May: 16th Lok Sabha election held. S. S. Ahluwalia from BJP won the Darjeeling constituency(wiki) with 42.75% popular vote. Ex football player Bhai Chung Bhutia, contested from West Bengal's ruling All India Trinamool Congress, got second in the competition with 25.48% popular vote.

2016 Apr/May: West Bengal Sate's 294-seat Legislative Assembly election held. All three candidates from GJM in Gorkhaland GTA area (Sarita Rai, Amar Singh Rai, Rohit Sharma) won the election.

(This story is being developed... All relevant events of Gorkhaland will be covered by this timeline.)
See Also:-

Timeline of Sikkim in India (1975 - present)
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Timeline of Bhutanese Refugees

October 13, 2016, 3:21 pm
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AD 627-649: King Songtsen Gampo ruled Tibet. Settlement of Tibetian origin people in Bhutan is believed to be started during this period.

AD 1620: First known Nepalese ethnic people arrived in Bhutan as craftsmen from Newar community.

Rule of Druck Gyalpo (Wnagchuk dynasty)===

AD 1907 Dec 17: Wangchck dynasty started their rule in Bhutan. Ugyen Wangchuck was coronated as the first Druck Gylpo (King) of Bhutan (until 1926).
AD 1926-1952: second Druck Gylpo (King) Jigme Wangchuck ruled.
AD 1930: According to British colonial official estimation about 60,000 people of Nepalese origin  were living in Bhutan at that time (which was about half of the population)
AD 1952-1972: Third druck Gylpo Jigme Dorjee Wangchuck ruled Bhutan.
AD 1958: Bhutanese citizenship act implemented. amended in 1977.

Rule of Jigme Syange (the 4th King)
AD 1972: Jigme Syange Wangchuck became 4th king of Bhutan. He implemented all possible ways for ethnic cleansing of Nepalese minority.
AD 1975: Sikkim, a Kingdom between Nepal and Bhutan, where rulling Royal house was Tibetian origin but Majority of people were Nepalese origin was annexed by India.
AD 1988: First census of Bhutan was conducted.
AD 1989 Nov: Prominent Bhutanese Nepalese leader Tek Nath Rijal was abducted in eastern Nepal by Bhutanese police, then braught to Bhutan and sentenced to life imprisenment in 1993 for treason.

AD 1996 Number of ethnic Nepalese who forcibly evicted by Bhutanese military exceed 1,00,000.
AD 1998: Bhutanese Nepali leader Tek Nath Rijal was granted pardon who then left for Nepal.
1998 July 20: Jigme Thinley appointed as Prime Minister of Bhutan. This post was abolished since 1964 (for 34 years).
AD 2000: After years of discussion Bhutan agreed on paper for the voluntary return of its people.
AD 2001 March: Joint verification of refugees by Nepal and Bhutan started.
AD 2003: Bhutanese verification team returned without doing job showing security reasons.

Rule of Jigme Khesar (the 5th King)
AD 2006: Nepal born Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchc became 5th Druck Gyalpo (King) of Bhutan as his father abducted in his favor.
AD 2008 March 24: National Assembly election held in Bhutan for the first time. DPT won 45 among 47 seats.
2008 July 18: Constitution of Bhutan was promulgated. It defines Kingdom as a "constitutional monarchy". But in practice main ideology both of the parties in the house is "Royalism".
AD 2008: IOM and UNHCR jointly started resettlement of Bhutanese refugees to Third countries.
2013 May 31, July 13: Second general election held. Opposition party PDP won 32 out of 47 seats.
AD 2015 Nov: It was announced that over 1,00,000 refugees were already resettled in third countries among which over 80,000 were taken by US alone.
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List of separatist movements in South Asia

October 20, 2016, 10:15 pm
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This is the list of all active/ inactive armed and unarmed movement in South Asia.


India-------------------
Assam Movement (ULFA)
Aim: to achieve independence of Assam (India)
Founded: 1979
Type: Armed
India: banned this in 1990 as terrorist group.
Current status: Almost defeated, ULFA gave up independence demand in 2010, 2011 triplate agreement on Suspensension of Operation signed by ULFA, Assam Gov and GOI

Manipur Movement
Aim: to create independent Manipur
Conceived: 1940s
Type: Armed
Current status: ongoing

Naga nationalism
Aim: to create a seperate Nagaland country
Conceived: 1940s
Type: Armed
Current status: Ongoing

Tripura Movement
Aim: to create a seperate country Tripura
Founded:1950s active:1980s to present
Type: Armed
Current status: ongoing

Tanikand Movement (Arunanchal Pradesh)
Aim : to create sovereign Taniland
Founded:
Type : Armed
Current status: on going on small scale

Kashmir
Aim: to create independent Kashmir or to merge with Pakistan.
Cobceived: 1940s
Type: Armed
current status: very active

Khalistan Movement
Aim: to create a seperate Sikh country (Khalistan).
Founded: 1950s (key period: 1970s-1980s)
India: banned the org in 1980. ( Operation Blue Star 1984 June, Anti Sikh Riot 1984 Sep-Oct)
Current Status: Effectless in India

Pakistan-------------------
Baluchistan movement
Aim: to create a seperate Balochistan
Conceived : 1950s
Current status: Very less effective

Srilanka---------------

Tamil movement (LTTE)
Aim: to create a seperate Tamil country in Jaffna
Founded : 1976 (LTTE)
Current status : defeated in 2009.

(This list is being edited...)
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Baaise and Chubise Rajyas

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Before the unification Nepal was divided into several small kingdoms. This article is about what we study as Baaise Rajya (22s principalities) and Chubise Rajya (24s principalities) that existed immediately before present Nepal was shaped.

After the dissolution of Khas Empire in 14th century the era of small states (baaise, chaubisi) began. From 14th century until the unification of Nepal many new kingdoms were established and many were merged among them. On its height, we can find total 31 states in baaise region and 29 states in Chaubise region.

some says that in Jumla kingdom there were 11 mountains and 11 rives so it was also called 'baais paakha' (बाइस पाखा, 22 bases). So all kingdoms under the influences of Jumla were then collectively known as Baaise Rajyas (22s Principalities).

Before 13th century Kumaun and Garhwal got independence from Khas Empire. These regions were re-integrated into Nepal during unification. But after Anglo-Nepal war Nepal had to give up these regions to British India.

13th century : Kalikot (कालीकोट) [now in Kalikot district]

1352 AD : Doti (डोटी) was one of the powerful kingdom in far western region before the unification. It was split from Khas empire in 1382 AD . Its boundaries were Karnali river in the east, Kumaun in the west and consisted Terai regions as well. The last king of Doti DeepShahi was defeated by united Nepal army led by Captain Ranbir Khatri in 1790 AD.

1380 AD : Mustang (मुस्ताङ) (L) was established by the King  Ame Pal in 1380 A.D. Even after being unified in Nepal, kings of Mustang along with Kings of Bajhang, Jajarkot and Salyan were enjoying special status until Nepal was declared republic Oct 7th, 2008. The 21st and Last king of Mustang Jigme Palbar Bista (जिग्मे प्रवल विष्ट) is still alive.

1389 AD : Sanni (सान्नी)

Dissolution of Khas Empire: After the death of King Malaya Barma (मलय वर्मा) his sons claimed their personal kingdoms. Salyan (Sumeru Barma), Jajarkot-Juktipur (Medini Barma), Rukum (Pitambar), Dullu (Sansari Barma) were established.

1396 AD : Dullu (दुल्लु) (wiki) was the successor state of original Khas Empire. But the new kingdom of Dullu was much smaller than Khas empire. Its boundaries were Jajarkot in the east, Doti in the west, Jumla in the north and Dhulikot in the south. It was established by the King Sansari Barma (संसारी वर्मा) in 1396 AD. At its establishment this Kingdom used to consist Dullu, Dailekh, Achham and Bilaspur States. But after Samsari Barma the kingdom was split and a new kingdom Belaspur (बेलासपुर) was established in one portion in 1418 AD. In 1789 AD (BS 1846/7/21) Kingdom of Dullu was unified in Nepal.

1396 AD : Gotaam (गोताम)

1398 AD : Jumla (जुम्ला) was one of the powerful baaise kingdom. It was in the north of Dullu Kingdom.

1398 AD : Jajarkot-Juktipur (जाजरकोट-जक्तिपुर) was established by Medini Barma splitting from Khas empire in 1398 AD. It was integrated into Nepal in the campaign of 1785-90 AD.

1398 AD : Rukum (रुकुम)

1408 AD : Dhurkot (धुर्कोट) u-1785-90

1418 AD :  Bilaspur (विलासपुर) was established by Sri Bamm (श्री वम्म), son of Sansari Bamm, from Dullu Kingdom in 1418 AD.  Its boundaries were Jajarkot in the east, Chhamgad river in the west, Jumla kingdom in the north and Veri river in the south.

1418 AD : Jahari (जहारी),
1418 AD : Pallo Musikot (पल्लो मुसीकोट) u-1785-90,
1418 AD : Banfi (बाँफी),
1418 AD :Salyan (सल्यान). Its southern border was Dang(Tulsipur) state.

1428 AD : Achham(अछाम) u-1785-90,
1428 AD : Darna (दर्ना)

1433 AD : Argha (अर्घा)

1435 AD : Khanchi  (खाँची) u-1785-90

1436 AD : Parbat  (पर्वत) u-1784 AD,
1436 AD : Gulmi (गुल्मी) u-1785-90

1443 AD : Bhirkot (भिरकोट) u-1784

1445 AD : Paiyun (पैयुँ) u-1784

1446 AD : Bajhang (बझाङ). Even after being unified in Nepal, kings of Bajhang, Mustang, Jajarkot and Salyan were enjoying special status until Nepal was declared republic Oct 7th, 2008. Raja Jay Prithvi Bahadur Singh (1877-1940) is the iconic figure of Bajhang kingdom. Raja Binod Bahadur Singh is said to be the 61st and last Raja of Bajhang since 1989.

1446 AD : Thalara (थलारा)

1450 AD: Darma (दार्मा)
1450 AD: Thuni Bosakot (थुनी बोसाकोट)

1453 AD: Dhor (ढोर) u-1784
1453 AD: Satahun (सतहुँ) u-1784
1453 AD: Garhaun (गह्रौं) u-1784
1453 AD: Nuwakot (नुवाकोट) u-1744

1467 AD : Kaski (कास्की)

1493 AD : Dang / Tulsipur (दाङ). This state is in the history of both country Nepal and India. Its area was about 150 by 150 miles bordering Salyan and Pyuthan State in North and Balrampur estate of Awadh region in South. Some sources say that in 1760 AD King Prithvi Narayan Shah defeated 40th Chauhan King of Dang King Nawal Singh and given this region to Salyan as a dowry in the marriage of King Prithvi's daughter to Ranabhim Shah in 1763 AD.(L) King Nawal Singh then moved to south and ruled southern parts of the kingdom. Nepal lost its western terai after anglo-Nepal war followed by Sugauli Treaty in 1816.  Sipoy mutiny happened in India in 1857. As a result, 44th Chauhan Rajah Dirg Narayan Singh lost his remaining lower-half kingdom which was then ruled by British as the part of North-western Province which is now known as UP. After the mutiny, Nepal got  its terai land (northern half of Dang kingdom) back. Rana PM Bir Shamshare brought the disposed 46th Chauhan Sardar Hardayal Singh (grandson of Dirg Narayan) to Nepal in 1886 and they lived in Nepal since then. The 50th Chauhan Rajpal Jwala Pratap Singh (1964) (Great great grandson of Hardayal Singh) married to Sabina Thapa, daughter of Ex PM Surya Bahadur Thapa.

1493 AD : Gajul (गजुल) :  Gajulkot and Khungri were the small kingdoms in present day Rolpa district. According to one legend King of Juktipur TuthaSen became the king of Gajul. After about 6 generation DhairyaPal became the King of Gajul. KarnaPal, brother of Dhairyapal, became the king of Khungri.

1493 AD : Lamjung (लमजुङ्) Ancesters of The Great Pritivi Narayan Shah used to rule in Lamjung. Kulmandan Shah was the king of Kaski. His youngest son Yaso Bramha Shah became the king of Lamjung. Yaso Bramha Shah had two sons, Narahari and Drabya sha. Narahari Shah became the king of Lamjung and the youngest son Drabya shah became the king of Gorkha, which was later ruled by the great king Prithvi Narayan Shah. Kingdom of Lamjung was integrated into Nepal in 1782 AD.

1493 AD : Palpa (पाल्पा): See Sen Kingdoms of Nepal It was one of the powerful kingdom. But in 1553 kingdom was broken into four small kingdoms Palpa, Butwal, Tanahun and Makwanpur. After sometime Palpa gained control of Butwal. Daughter of Palpali king Mahadat sen and Chief-executive of Nepal Bahadur shah got married in 1784. Then palpa supported newly unified Nepal in western front. But Nepal annexed palpa in 1806.

1493 AD : Isma (इस्मा): 6th and Last thakuri king of Isma Govinda Singh Rathore (गोविन्द सिंह राठौर) was defeated by the Gorkhali Army in B.S.1843/6/4. The boundary of Isma was Aglung Hills to Jhimruk in west, present Gwalichaur, Baglung district to the north, and Kingdoms of Durkot and Musikot in south and east respectively.
Wallo Musikot (वल्लो मुसीकोट) u-1785-90

1498 AD : Bajura (बाजुरा)

1503 AD : Pyuthan (प्युठान) u-1785-90

1543 AD : Ghiring (घिरिङ)

1553 AD: Tanahun (तनहुँ) : After the partition of united Palpa kingdom in 1553, Bhrigu Sen got Tanahun. It remained as a powerful kingdom until integrated into Nepal in 1779 AD.
1553 AD : Rising (रिसिङ) u-1784
1553 AD : Darchha Rampur (दर्छा रामपुर) was in present Palpa district.
1553 AD : Butwal (बुटवल) : After the partition of united Palpa kingdom in 1553, Binayek Sen got Butwal. But for most of time after that Butwal and Syuraj (Kapilvastu) came under Palpa Kingdom again. Butwal along with Palpa was integrated into Nepal in 1806 AD. Butwal was the immediate cause of Anglo-Nepal war in 1814 AD. 

1559 AD : Gorkha (गोरखा) : Mansingh Khadka Magar was the last ghale king of gorkha until 27 Sept 1559 AD who was replaced by king Drabya Shah, ancestor of The Great King Prithvi Narayan Shah. The boundary of Gorkha kingdom at that time was Marshandi River to the west and Trishuli river to the east.

1568 AD: Dhulikot (धुलीकोट)

1574 AD : Galkot (गलकोट)  (see also link) [now in Baglung District]

1673 AD : Chhilli (छिल्ली)

1693 AD: Khungri (खुङ्ग्री) : Gajulkot and Khungri were the small kingdoms in present day Rolpa district. According to one legend King of Juktipur TuthaSen became the king of Gajul. After about 6 generation DhairyaPal became the King of Gajul. KarnaPal, brother of DhairyaPal, became the king of Khungri.

1733 AD : Malneta (माल्नेटा)

Udayapur, Pyuthan : King Mahendra in 2017 B.S. abolished the title of Last king of Udayapur Hari Prasad Karki Upadhyaya.

------------------------------------

बाइसे राज्य: जुम्ला, डोटी, जाजरकोट, बाजुरा, गजुर, बिसकोट, माल्नेटा, थलहरा, दैलेख, दुल्लु, डुर्याल, तुल्सीपुर दाङ, सल्यान, चिल्ली, फलाबाघ, जहारी, दर्नार, आठबीस, गोताम, मजाल, गुर्णकोट, रुकुम
चौबिसी राज्य: गोरखा, लम्जुङ, तनहुँ, कास्की, नुवाकोट, ढोर, सतहुँ, गराहुँ, रिसिङ, घिरिङ, पैयुँ, पर्वत, गल्कोट, पाल्पा, गुल्मी, अर्घा, खाँची, मुसीकोट, इस्मा, धुर्कोट, बझाङ, भीरकोट, पिउठान, बुटवल

-----------------------------------
Extra material
According to Father Giuseppe in Account of the Kingdom of Nepal

Kathmandu 
ktm city:18,000 houses
12-13 days journey from south to north. 
north border: Tibet
50,000 solders
Nuwakot under Kathmandu was main route to trade with tibet

Lalitpur/ Patan
lalitpur city:24,000 houses
south border from city: 4 days journey
south border: Kingdom of Makwanpur
Kirtipur under lalitpur: city houses 8,000

Bhadgaun
Bhadgaun city: 12,000 houses
east border: 5-6 days journey 
east border: Kirat

Sikkim
Between Kankai & Teesta

-----------------------------------
*Raja Rajauta Unmulan Ain 2017 B.S. (Kingship Abolition Act 1960 AD) by King Mahendra
=4 Kingdoms were left with honorary title (Bajhang, Mustang, Salyan, Jajarkot)
=9 kings were left with honorary title until they alive.
*Republic of Nepal (2008 Oct 7)
=title and power of King of Nepal and all other local kings were abolished.

---------------------------------
Online Reference:-
  1. http://www.ekantipur.com/kantipur/2071/9/24/full-story/337562.html
Book References:-

  1. "Account of the Kingdom of Nepal" by Francis Buchanan Hamilton
  2. "Kirtikhamb" (कीर्तिखम्ब) by Bishwa K.C. Pokhrel
  3. ancient history of nepal (.co.uk)

------------------------------
Tags: Baaisi Chaubisi, Titrikot Rapti,
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Search

Post war justice of Nepal

December 18, 2016, 12:46 pm
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Key events
1996 Feb 13: CPN Maoist lunched civil war
2001 June 1: Royal massacre of Nepal
2006 Apr 24: 19-days peaceful people movement succeed
2006 Nov 21: Peace agreement between Maoist and GON
2015 Sep 20: New Constitution of Nepal promulgated

Killed in war : 13,000-16,000
Handicapped:700+
Disappeared : 1,300 - 3,000

2006 March 31 Fri (BS 2062/12/18) : Nepal government decided to create "Peace and Reconstruction Ministry" to assist in the peace process.

2014 Apr 25 Fri (BS 2071/01/12): "बेपत्ता पारिएका व्यक्तिको छानविन, सत्य निरूपण तथा मेलमिलाप आयोगसम्बन्धी विधेयक, २०७०"बहुमतले पारित

2015 Nov 4 Wed: India raised the issue of violence in Nepal during civil war in the meeting of universal periodic review in Geneva to blackmail Nepali leaders. Nepal has openly blamed India for its blockade in Indo-Nepal border as an inhuman activity in international forum. (see timeline)

Satya Nirupan tatha Melmilap aayog
सत्य निरुपण तथा मेलमेलाप आयोग

Bepatta Chhanbin Aayog
बेपत्ता पारिएका व्यक्तिको छानबिन आयोग
Reported incidents: 2,971
Chief: Lokendra Mallik

Popular cases
2004 Feb 17: 15-years old Maina Sunuwar was arrested by 12-man army team lead by then captain Niranjan Basnet and then taken to Army barrack at Panchkhal, Kabhre. She disappeared after that.
- 2008 feb : after heavy public pressure Murder charges was filed and Kabhre district court issued summons for arrest of 4 accused army officer. But nothing happened.
(Total Accused- 7: Colonel Boby Khatri, Captain Niranjan Basnet, Captain Sunil Adhikari, Captain Amrit Pun, Sergentt Khadka Bahadur Khatri, muss runner Dil bahadur basnet and Sri Krishna Thapa).
- 2008 July:DNA test confirmed that human remains found buried at Panchkhal army camp belonged to her.
- 2009 Sep: Kabhre district court ordered the Suspension of Major Niranjan Basnet who was already promoted from Captain. But Army didn't follow the order.
- 2009 Dec 12 Major Niranjan Basnet was sent back to Nepal from UN peacekeeping mission seeing his violent track record in Sunuwar's case.
-2010 July 14: Nepal army made its internal court to inquiry in this case and gave clean chit to Major Basnet and criticized UN for expelling him from the mission.

2004 June 26: Journalist Dekendra Thapa was abducted in Dailekh district . He was severely tortured and buried alive after two months.
-2013 Jan 5: Dailekh police arrested all five suspects.
-2014 July 12: Dailekh district court sentenced two years of impresionment to Nirak Magar, Harilal Pun and Jaya Bahadur Shahi, one and half year to lakshmiram magar and one year to bir Bahadur Kc.

2010 : Case of Bal Krishna Dhungel
-1998 June 24: Ujjan Kumar Shrestha was killed in Okhaldhunga.
-2004: okhaldhunga district court convicted Balkrishna Dhungel and Puskar Gautam and ordered life term.
-2006: Rajbiraj Appellate court gave Dhungel clean chit
-2008: Dhungel elected for first constituent assembly
-2010: Supreme Court overturned appeal court's decision and kept the verdict of district court.
But Mr Dhungel never arrested.
-2011: Baburam Bhattarai's government forwarded Dhungel's name for Presidential clemency.
-2014 may: Puskar Gautam arrested and jailed.
-2016 Jan: Supreme Court ruled that Dhungel can not be given clemency.

2013 Jan 3: Colonel Kumar Lama of Nepal Army was arrested at his home in Leonards-at-sea near Hastings UK under section 134 of the criminal justice act 1988 citing universal jurisdiction on the case of  crime against humanity by U.K. Police.
Nepal government always took side of Lama. They even disallowed U.K. Rescue mission to enter Nepal after 2014 earthquake in the protest of his case taken over by U.K.
Lama was charged for two separate incidents of torture committed between Apr and Oct 2005 on Janak Bahadur Raut and Karam Hussein who were detainees at Gorusinghe Army barrack at Kapilvastu District in Nepal. On Aug 2, 2016 he was freed from Husain case and on sep 6 2016 he was freed from other charge as well. Nepal government spent about £1 million for his legal fees.




See Also:-

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Nepal Local Election 2017 Result

May 15, 2017, 3:33 pm
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Phase 1 
Date : BS 2074 Baisakh 31 (May 14, 2017)
Area: 3 states (state no. 3,4 & 6) and 34 Districts
Local levels: 283 
Total candidates: 49,337 (Men 30,005 - Women 19,332)

(Each local level will have 1 chief, 1 vice chief and each ward of local levels will have 5 members including 1 ward chief, 1 member woman quota, 1 member dalit woman quota & 2 other members.)
Image source: onlinekhabar.com
Results until 6:00 pm NPT (Jeth 2 - May 16 Tue)

Local chief won (city mayors and village chiefs)
CPN UML : 12
CPN Maoist Center : 9
Nepali Congress: 9
Independent : 1

Winners list of State 6 (mid west/ Karnali) (10 districts - 79 local levels)
Jumla - Hima : Chief Raj Bahadur Shahi (Maoist), Vice Himali Rokaya (Maoist)
Jumla - Guthichaur: Chief Haribahadur Bhandari (Maoist),
Dolpa - Thuliveri Muni: Mayer Ganesh Bahadur Shahi (UML),
Dolpa - Mudkechula : Chief Datta Bahadur Shahi (Maoist), Vice Sabina Kumari Rokaya (UML)
Dolpa - Jagdulla : Chief Narsing Rokaya (Maoist), Vice Amrita Lama (Maoist)
Dolpa - SeFoksundo : Chief Tashi Tunduk Gurung (UML) , vice Dawa Sanduk Gurung (Independent - uncontested)
Dolpa - Kaike : Chief Angad Rana (UML), Vice Kunjang Budha (RPP)
Mugu
Kalikot - Sanni Jebegi: Chief Dambarbahadur Shahi (Maoist),
Humla - Tajkot: Bagdul Malla (Maoist),
Rukum- Sanibheri: Chief Narbahadur Pun (Maoist)
Jajarkot - Kushe: Chief Harischandra Basnet (NC),
Jajarkot - Shivalaya: Chief Lalbahadur Thapa (UML),
Dailekh - Dhungeshor: Chief Nagendra Bahadur Malla (NC)
Surkhet 
Salyan - Darma :Chief Nim bahadur KC (Maoist)

Winners list of State 4 (west) (9 & 2 half districts - 
Mustang - Lomangthang : Chief Subarna Kumar Bista (NC), Vice Pema Dolma Bista (NC)
Mustang - Gharpojang : Chief Aasbahadur Thapa (UML), Vice Sharmila Gurung (UML)
Mustang - Dalome: Chief Raju Bista (Independent),
Mustang - Thaksang: Chief Buddi Prasad Sherchan (NC)
Mustang - Bahragaun Muktichhetra : Chief Phenchok Chhepten Gurung (NC)
Manang - Nosang : Chief Chandra Bahadur Ghale (NC)/Kanchha Ghale (UML) ?, Vice Kamala Maya Gurung (NC)
Manang - Chame: Chief Lokendra Bahadur Ghale (UML),
Manang - Narfu: Chief Mingma Chhiring Lama (NC) uncontested, 
Baglung half - Tamankhola : Chief Joklal Buda (NC), Vice Manshari Sherchan (NC)
Myagdi
Kaski - Madi: Chief Bed Bahadur Gurung (UML)
Lamjung
Gorkha
Parwat
Syangjya- Fedikhola: Chief Ghanshyam Subedi (UML)
Nawalparasi half - Bungdikali: Chief Durga Bahadur Rana (NC), 
Thnahun -Devghat: Chief Durga Bahadur Thapa (UML)

Winners list of State 3 (central) (13 districts)
Kathmandu
Lalitpur- Mahankal: Chief Ramchandra Dhahal (UML)
Bhaktapur
Dhading
Rasuwa
Nuwakot
Sindhupalchok
Kabharepalanchok
Dolakha
Ramechhap
Sindhuli- Dhorchaur: Chief Chitrabahadur Chalaune (UML)
Sindhuli-Marin: Chief Paniraj Bamjan (Maoist)
Makwanpur
Chitawan

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Nepal Local Election 2017 Result Phase 2

June 18, 2017, 11:43 am
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Phase 2 
Date : BS 2074 Ashad 14 (June 28, 2017)
Area: 3 states (state no.  1, 5 & 7) and 35 Districts
Local levels: 334 levels (1 metro, 7 sub metro, 111 municipalities & 215 villages)
Total candidates:
Total voters: 64,32,765

(Each local level will have 1 chief, 1 vice chief and each ward of local levels will have 5 members including 1 ward chief, 1 member woman quota, 1 member dalit woman quota & 2 other members.)

State1:
(Jhapa 8m+7v, Morang 1metro+8m+8v ,Sunsari 2sm+4muni+6v, Dhankuta 3mu+4v,  Terathum 2mu+4v, Taplejung 1mu+8v, Pachthar 1mu+7v, Ilam 4mu+6v,  Bhojpur 2mu+7v, Solu 1mu+7v, Okhaldhunga 1mu+7v,  Khotang 2mu+7v, Udayapur 4mu+4v, Sankhuwasabha 5mu+5v= 1metro+2submetro+46municipalities+87villages)

Municipalities:-

Damak Muni-Jhapa
Kankai Muni- Jhapa
Shiva Satakshi Muni- Jhapa
Birtamode Muni- Jhapa
Mechinagar Muni- Jhapa
Bhadrapur Muni- Jhapa
Arjundhara Muni- Jhapa
Gauradaha Muni- Jhapa

Biratnagar Metro- Morang
Urlabari Muni-Morang
Belbari Muni- Morang
Letang Muni- Morang
Pathri Shanischare Muni- Morang
Rangeli Muni-Morang
Ratuwamai Muni-Morang
Sunbarshi Muni-Morang
Sundar Haraicha Muni - Morang

Dharan Sub Metro- Sunsari
Itahari Sub Metro- Sunsari
Inaruwa Muni-Sunsari
Duhabi Muni-Sunsari
Ramdhuni Muni-Sunsari
Barah Muni- Sunsari

Dhankuta Muni-Dhankuta
Pakhribas Muni-Dhankuta
Mahalaxmi Muni-Dhankuta

Myaglung Muni-Terathum
Laliguras Muni-Terathum

Ilam Muni - Ilam
Deumai Muni - Ilam
Mai Muni - Ilam
Suryodaya Muni - Ilam
Phidim Muni-Pachthar
Fungling Muni-Taplejung

Chainpur Muni-Sankhuwasabha
Dharmadevi Muni - Sankhuwasabha
Khandbari Muni - Sankhuwasabha
Madi Muni- Sankhuwasabha
Panchkhapan Muni - Sankhuwasabha

Bhojpur Muni-Bhojpur
Sadananda Muni-Bhojpur
Solududhkunda Muni-Solukhumbu
Siddicharan Muni-Okhaldhunga
Halesi Tuwachung Muni-Khotang
Rupakot Majhuwagadhi Muni-Khotang

Katari Muni-Udayapur
Triyuga Muni-Udayapur
Chaudandigadhi Muni-Udayapur
Belaka Muni-Udayapur


State 5:
Butwal Sub Metro
Ghorahi Sub Metro
Tulsipur Sub Metro
Lamahi Muni- Dang

State 7:

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Sex scriptures in Hindu temples

June 25, 2015, 7:47 pm
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In many Hindu temples in Nepal, India, Indonesia etc you can find carved humans on wood or rock having sex in different positions. This article intends to explore the reason behind this.

First of all check the following outside links for pictures and detail in different Hindu temples around the world having sex scriptures.
Though the book of sex "Kamasutra" has been the part in ancient Hindu society since very long time the reason behind the naked scriptures in the temples seems to be unrelated to it.

But there are several other theories being suggested by different people.

To contradict Buddhism and other philosophy

The period during which these temples were constructed Buddhism was catching the fascination of the masses because of its principles, inclusiveness etc. People were readily becoming monks & following the commandments laid by Buddha, which included abstinence.

This was a very serious issue in front of the erstwhile rulers because it will essentially wipe out any chance of survival of that civilization. So the temples, which served as a melting pot for the people from various strata of the society, were used to rejuvenate the interest in earthly activities like sex. It is much easier to convey such messages via art rather than preaching it to masses.This was a very prudent decision taken by the rulers considering their predicament.

Common ancient practice 

Some believe that the topic of sex was not as secret in ancient time as we consider now. In the age they have were created sexuality was not a phenomenon spoiling the social and cultural affairs as it is today. It was pretty common practice to talk about sex publicly and carve the sex scriptures.

It was spiritual practice not sexual 

Nude sculptures did not have anything to do with sexuality. They were the symbol of unification with God as routine and natural experience in matured spirituality. Otherwise, they would not be on temples. Spirituality is not sexuality.

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References:-
http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=274963&rel_no=1
Kathmandu 2

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See Also:-
Atheism and Hinduism
Reincarnation in Hinduism
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List of Cities and Villages in Nepal

January 6, 2017, 9:10 am
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As of , Nepal has total 744 local levels. Among them 6 are metropolitan cities, 11 sub-metropolitan cities, 246 municipalities and 481 villages.



In 2017 Jan 6, Local area reconstruction commission submitted the final report to the government proposing 719 local levels including 4 Metro, 12 sub-metro and 241 municipalities and 462 Villages. In Mar 5, government decided to add 25 more local levels making total 744.
In May 22, government decided to add 22 more local levels in terai regions but it was blocked by Supreme court in May 26. (L) In May 31 government promoted Biratnagar and Birgunj as metropolitan city.(L)

Metropolitan cities:-

  1. Biratnagar (विराटनगर) - Morang - State 1
  2. Birgunj (वीरगंज) - Parsa - State 2
  3. Kathmandu (काठमाण्डौ) - Kathmandu - State 3
  4. Lalitpur (ललितपुर ) - Lalitpur - State 3
  5. Bharatpur (भरतपुर) - Chitwan - State 3 
  6. Pokhara Lekhnath (पोखरा लेखनाथ ) - Kaski - State 4  
Sub-Metropolitan cities:-
  1. Itahari (ईटहरी) - Sunsari District - State 1
  2. Dharan (धरान) - Sunsari District - State 1 
  3. Kalaiya (कलैया) - Bara District  - State 2 
  4. Jeetpur Simara (जीतपुरसिमरा) - Bara District - State 2 
  5. Janakpur (जनकपुर) - Dhanusha District - State 2
  6. Hetauda (हेटौडा) - Makwanpur District - State 3
  7. Butwal(बुटवल) - Rupandehi District - State 5
  8. Tulsipur (तुल्सिपुर) - Dang District - State 5
  9. Ghorahi (घोराही) - Dang District - State 5
  10. Nepalgunj (नेपालगंज) - Banke District - State 5
  11. Dhangadhi (धनगढी) - Kailali District - State 7

Municipalities:-
  1. Damak Muni-Jhapa - State 1
  2. Kankai Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  3. Shiva Satakshi Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  4. Birtamode Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  5. Mechinagar Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  6. Bhadrapur Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  7. Arjundhara Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  8. Gauradaha Muni- Jhapa - State 1
  9. Biratnagar Metro- Morang - State 1
  10. Urlabari Muni-Morang - State 1
  11. Belbari Muni- Morang - State 1
  12. Letang Muni- Morang - State 1
  13. Pathri Shanischare Muni- Morang - State 1
  14. Rangeli Muni-Morang - State 1
  15. Ratuwamai Muni-Morang - State 1
  16. Sunbarshi Muni-Morang - State 1
  17. Sundar Haraicha Muni - Morang - State 1
  18. Dharan Sub Metro- Sunsari - State 1
  19. Itahari Sub Metro- Sunsari - State 1
  20. Inaruwa Muni-Sunsari - State 1
  21. Duhabi Muni-Sunsari - State 1
  22. Ramdhuni Muni-Sunsari - State 1
  23. Barah Muni- Sunsari - State 1
  24. Dhankuta Muni-Dhankuta - State 1
  25. Pakhribas Muni-Dhankuta - State 1
  26. Mahalaxmi Muni-Dhankuta - State 1
  27. Myaglung Muni-Terathum - State 1
  28. Laliguras Muni-Terathum - State 1
  29. Ilam Muni - Ilam - State 1
  30. Deumai Muni - Ilam - State 1
  31. Mai Muni - Ilam - State 1
  32. Suryodaya Muni - Ilam - State 1
  33. Phidim Muni-Pachthar - State 1
  34. Fungling Muni-Taplejung - State 1
  35. Chainpur Muni-Sankhuwasabha - State 1
  36. Dharmadevi Muni - Sankhuwasabha - State 1
  37. Khandbari Muni - Sankhuwasabha - State 1
  38. Madi Muni- Sankhuwasabha - State 1
  39. Panchkhapan Muni - Sankhuwasabha - State 1
  40. Bhojpur Muni-Bhojpur - State 1
  41. Sadananda Muni-Bhojpur - State 1
  42. Solududhkunda Muni-Solukhumbu - State 1
  43. Siddicharan Muni-Okhaldhunga - State 1
  44. Halesi Tuwachung Muni-Khotang - State 1
  45. Rupakot Majhuwagadhi Muni-Khotang - State 1
  46. Katari Muni-Udayapur - State 1
  47. Triyuga Muni-Udayapur - State 1
  48. Chaudandigadhi Muni-Udayapur - State 1
  49. Belaka Muni-Udayapur - State 1
  50. Rajbiraj Muni-Saptrai - State 2
  51. Kanchanrup Muni - Saptrai - State 2
  52. Dakneshwori Muni - Saptari - State 2
  53. Bodebarsaain Muni Saptari - State 2
  54. Khadak Muni - Saptari - State 2
  55. Shambhunath Muni - Saptrai - State 2
  56. Surunga Muni - Saptari - State 2
  57. Hanumarnagar Kankalini Muni - Saptrai - State 2
  58. Lahan Muni - Siraha  - State 2
  59. Dhangadimai Muni - Siraha - State 2
  60. Siraha Muni - Siraha - State 2
  61. Golbazar Muni - Siraha - State 2
  62. Mirchaiya Muni - Siraha - State 2
  63. Kalyanpur Muni - Siraha - State 2
  64. Kshireshwornath Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  65. Ganeshman Charnath Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  66. Dhanushadham Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  67. Nagrain Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  68. Videh Municipality - Dhanusha - State 2
  69. Mithila Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  70. Shahidnagar Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  71. Sabaila Muni - Dhanusha - State 2
  72. Jaleshwor Muni - Mahottari - State 2
  73. Bardibas Muni - Mahottari - State 2
  74. Gaushala Muni - Mahottari - State 2
  75. Ishworpur Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  76. Malangwa Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  77. Lalbandi Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  78. Haripur Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  79. Haripurwa Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  80. Hariwan Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  81. Barahthawa Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  82. Balara Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  83. Godaita Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  84. Bagmati Muni - Sarlahi - State 2
  85. Chandrapur Muni - Rautahat - State 2
  86. Garuda Muni - Rautahat - State 2
  87. Gaur Muni - Rautahat - State 2
  88. Kolhwi Muni - Bara - State 2
  89. Nijhgarh Muni - Bara - State 2
  90. MahaGadhimai Muni - Bara - State 2
  91. Simraungarh Muni - Bara - State 2
  92. Pokharia Muni - Parsa - State 2
  93. Dakshinkali Municipality - Kathmandu - State 3
  94. Shankarapur Municipality - Kathmandu - State 3
  95. Kirtipur Municipality-Kathmandu - State 3
  96. Tarkeshwor Municipality-Kathmandu - State 3
  97. Nagarjun Municipality-Kathamndu - State 3
  98. Chandragiri Muni-Kathamdhu - State 3
  99. Tokha Muni-Kathmandhu - State 3
  100. Budanilkantha Muni-Kathamdnu - State 3
  101. Gokarneshwor Muni-Kathmandu - State 3
  102. Kageshwori Muni-Kathmandu - State 3
  103. Godawari Muni- Lalitpur - State 3
  104. Mahalaxmi Muni-Lalitpur - State 3
  105. Bhaktapur Muni - Bhaktapur - State 3
  106. Madhyapur Timi-Bhaktapur - State 3
  107. Changunarayan Muni- Bhaktapur - State 3
  108. Suryabinayak Muni- Bhaktapur - State 3
  109. Panauti Muni-Kabhre - State 3
  110. Panchkhal Muni-Kabhre - State 3
  111. Banepa Muni- Kabhre - State 3
  112. Namobudda Muni Kabhre - State 3
  113. Dhulikhel Muni - Kabhre - State 3
  114. Mandandeupur Muni-Kabhre - State 3
  115. Melamchi Muni-Sindhupalchowk - State 3
  116. Barabise Muni- Sindhuplachowk - State 3
  117. Chatara Muni- Sindhupalchok - State 3
  118. Jiri Municipality - Dolakha - State 3
  119. Bhimeshwor Muni- Dolakha - State 3
  120. Manthali Muni- Ramechhap - State 3
  121. Ramechhap Muni- Ramechhap - State 3
  122. Dudhauli Muni- Sindhuli - State 3
  123. Kamalamai Muni - Sindhuli - State 3
  124. Bidur Muni- Nuwakot - State 3
  125. Belkotgadhi Muni-Nuwakot - State 3
  126. Nilkantha Muni- Dhading - State 3
  127. Dhunibesi Muni-Dhading - State 3
  128. Thaha Muni-Makwanpur - State 3
  129. Madi Muni-Chitwan - State 3
  130. Rapti Muni-Chitwan - State 3
  131. Kalika Muni- Chitwan - State 3
  132. Ratnanagar Muni-Chitwan - State 3
  133. Khairahani Muni-Chitwan - State 3
  134. Baglung Muni- Baglung - State 4
  135. Galkot Muni - Baglung - State 4
  136. Jaimani Muni- Baglung - State 4
  137. Dhorpatan Muni-Baglung - State 4
  138. MadhyeNepal muni - Lamjung - State 4
  139. Rainas Muni-Lamjung - State 4
  140. Besisahar Muni-Lamjung - State 4
  141. Sundarbazar Muni-Lamjung - State 4
  142. Phalebas Muni-Parbat - State 4
  143. Kusma Muni - Parbat - State 4
  144. Bhimad Muni- Tanahun - State 4
  145. Bhanu Muni-Tanahun - State 4
  146. Byas Municipality-Tanahun - State 4
  147. Shuklagandaki Muni-Tanahun - State 4
  148. Beni Muni- Myagdi - State 4
  149. Chapakot Muni- Syanjya - State 4
  150. Bhirkot Muni - Syanjya - State 4
  151. Putalibazar Muni - Syanjya - State 4
  152. Waling Muni- Syanjya - State 4
  153. Galyang Muni-Syanjya - State 4
  154. Gaidakot Muni- Nawalparasi - State 4
  155. Devchuli Muni - Nawalparasi - State 4
  156. Madhyebindu Muni- Nawalparasi - State 4
  157. Kawasoti Muni-Nawalparasi - State 4
  158. Gorkha Muni-Gorkha - State 4
  159. Palungtar Muni-Gorkha - State 4
  160. Kapilvastu Municipality - Kapilbastu - State 5
  161. Buddabhumi Muni - Kapilbastu - State 5
  162. Shibraj Muni - Kapilvastu - State 5
  163. Maharajganj Muni - Kapilvastu - State 5
  164. Krishnanagar Muni - Kapilvastu - State 5
  165. Badganga Muni - Kapilvastu - State 5
  166. Lamahi Muni- Dang - State 5
  167. Kohalpur Muni-Banke - State 5
  168. Gulariya Muni-Bardiya - State 5
  169. Madhuban Muni-Bardiya - State 5
  170. Rajapur Muni-Bardiya - State 5
  171. Thakurbaba Muni-Bardiya - State 5
  172. Bansgadhi Muni-Bardiya - State 5
  173. Barbardiya Muni-Bardiya - State 5
  174. Narayan Municipality - Dailekh - State 6
  175. Aathbis Muni - Dailekh - State 6
  176. Dullu Muni: Dailekh - State 6
  177. Chamunda Bindrasaini muni-Dailekh - State 6
  178. Chayanath Rara Muni- Mugu - State 6
  179. Thuliveri Muni - Dolpa - State 6
  180. Veri Muni - Jajarkot - State 6
  181. Chandannath Muni - Jumla - State 6
  182. Raskot Muni - Kalikot - State 6
  183. Khandachakra Muni - Kalikot - State 6
  184. Musikot Muni - Rukum - State 6
  185. Chaurjahari Muni - Rukum - State 6
  186. Musikot Muni- Rukum - State 6
  187. Bagchaur Muni - Salyan - State 6
  188. Sharada Muni-Salyan - State 6
  189. Birendranagar- Surkhet - State 6
  190. Lekbesi Muni- Surkhet - State 6
  191. Bheri Ganga Muni - Surkhet - State 6
  192. Panchapuri Muni-Surkhet - State 6
  193. Gurbhakot Muni-Surkhet - State 6
  194. Dhangadi SubMetro - Kailali - State 7
  195. Tikapur Muni - Kailali - State 7
  196. Bhajani Muni - Kailali - State 7
  197. Godawari Muni - Kailali - State 7
  198. Gauriganga Muni - Kailali - State 7
  199. Ghodagodhi Muni - Kailali - State 7
  200. Laxmi chuha Muni - Kailali - State 7
  201. Bhimdatta Muni- Kanchanpur - State 7
  202. Mahakali Muni - Kanchanpur - State 7
  203. Bedkot Muni - Kanchanpur - State 7
  204. Shuklafata Muni - Kanchanpur - State 7
  205. Krishnapur Muni - Kanchanpur - State 7
  206. Punarbas Muni - Kanchanpur - State 7
  207. Belauri Muni - Kanchanpur - State 7
  208. Parshuram Muni - Dadeldhura - State 7
  209. Amargadhi Muni - Dadeldhura - State 7
  210. Dipayal Silgadhi Muni - Doti - State 7
  211. Shikhar Muni - Doti - State 7
  212. Mangalsen Muni- Achham - State 7
  213. Kamalbazar Muni- Achham - State 7
  214. Sanphebagar Muni - Achham - State 7
  215. Panchedewan Binayak - Achham - State 7
  216. Dashrathchanda Muni - Baitadi - State 7
  217. Melauli Muni - Baitadi - State 7
  218. Patan Muni - Baitadi - State 7
  219. Purchaudi Muni - Baitadi - State 7
  220. Mahalaki Muni - Darchula - State 7
  221. Malikarjun Muni - Darchula - State 7
  222. Shailyashikhar Muni - Darchula - State 7
  223. Jaiprithvi Muni - Bajhang - State 7
  224. Bungal Muni- Bajhang - State 7
  225. Badhi Malika Muni- Bajura - State 7
  226. Budhi Nanda Muni- Bajura - State 7
  227. Budhi Ganga Muni - Bajura - State 7
  228. Tribeni Muni - Bajura - State 7


See Also

  1. New Political Subdivision & Structure of Nepal (2015- present)
  2. Historical Administrative Divisions of Nepal (1768-2015)
  3. Baaise Chaubise Rajyas (14th Century - 1768)
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